{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:13:52Z","timestamp":1791296032729,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16H02893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H02893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K10585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> Water drinking has been proposed for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension because it can increase blood pressure in patients. This study aimed to investigate whether drinking water with a cold or carbonation stimulus would cause a more effective pressor response, and whether it would be greater in older than in younger adults.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We assessed blood pressure and heart rate from non-invasive arterial pressure (a volume-clamp method) and type II electrocardiography in 13 healthy young adults (6 females, 7 males; mean age, 19.9 \u00b1 1.1 years) and nine healthy older adults (all females; mean age, 71.4 \u00b1 4.2 years) who drank 200 mL of cold, cold carbonated, and room temperature water.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The pressor response to the drinking of cold and cold carbonated water was greater than that to room temperature water in both younger and older participants (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05; changes in systolic blood pressure of room temperature water, cold water and cold carbonated water in young: 15.31 \u00b1 9.66, 22.56 \u00b1 11.51 and 32.6 \u00b1 17.98 mmHg, respectively; changes in systolic blood pressure of room temperature water, cold water and cold carbonated water in elderly: 21.84 \u00b1 14.31, 41.53 \u00b1 19.82 and 48.16 \u00b1 16.77 mmHg, respectively). In addition, the pressor response to cold and cold carbonated water was persistent during the recovery period by about 5\u201310 mmHg (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the pressor response during the drinking and recovery periods was greater in the older than in the younger participants (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Our data suggest that even smaller amounts of water are able to elicit a sustained pressor response, in particular if the water is cold and carbonated. We speculate that the pressor effect may render cold and carbonated water an appropriate first aid method against certain forms of acute hypotension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.788954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T06:02:27Z","timestamp":1641794547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Pressor Response to the Drinking of Cold Water and Cold Carbonated Water in Healthy Younger and Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kubota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsue","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Shigemasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.05.079","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension: jacc state-of-the-art review","volume":"72","author":"Freeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01512.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of orthostatic hypotension","volume":"13","author":"Lahrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-003-0119-1","article-title":"Seated postural hypotension iscommon among older inpatients","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2015.01.002","article-title":"Effects of trunk posture in fowler's position on hemodynamics","volume":"189","author":"Kubota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)99015-3","article-title":"A potent pressor response elicited by drinking water","volume":"353","author":"Jordan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.5.504","article-title":"The pressor response to water drinking in humans","volume":"101","author":"Jordan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00840.x","article-title":"Water drinking in the management of orthostatic intolerance due to orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Mathias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.151860","article-title":"Portal osmopressor mechanism linked to transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 and blood pressure control","volume":"55","author":"McHugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038921.64575.D0","article-title":"Water drinking acutely improves orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects","volume":"106","author":"Schroeder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.52.421","article-title":"Changes in blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity during water drinking in humans","volume":"52","author":"Endo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn J Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R40 LP","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00544.2010","article-title":"The osmopressor response to water drinking","volume":"300","author":"May","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol\u2014Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00923.2012","article-title":"Water drinking-related muscle contraction induces the pressor response via mechanoreceptors in conscious rats","volume":"114","author":"Abe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200202000-00020","article-title":"Mechanisms Involved in the Water Intake-Related Pressor Response in the rat","volume":"20","author":"Tavares","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hypertens."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12145","article-title":"The relationship between blood pressure and pain","volume":"15","author":"Sacc\u00f2","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8134","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-18-08134.1999","article-title":"Neurobiological and psychophysical mechanisms underlying the oral sensation produced by carbonated water","volume":"19","author":"Simons","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80102-9","article-title":"Experimental induction of pain: utility in the study of clinical pain","volume":"26","author":"Edens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Ther."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"07","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000289639.87836.79","article-title":"The usefulness of an earphone-type infrared tympanic thermometer for intraoperative core temperature monitoring","volume":"105","author":"Kiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.04.008","article-title":"Vagal modulation and aging","volume":"74","author":"De Meersman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb01731.x","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: autonomic origins, physiological mechanisms, and psychophysiological implications","volume":"30","author":"Berntson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H797","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1998.275.3.H797","article-title":"Effects of systemic hypoxia on r-r interval and blood pressure variabilities in conscious rats","volume":"275","author":"Murasato","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H411","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1994.267.1.H411","article-title":"Comparison of methods for removal of ectopy in measurement of heart rate variability","volume":"267","author":"Lippman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/32\/11\/S05","article-title":"Non-stationarities significantly distort short-term spectral, symbolic and entropy heart rate variability indices","volume":"32","author":"Magagnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol Meas."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.12.2.214","article-title":"Evaluation of the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex by 24-hour intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring in humans","volume":"12","author":"Parati","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H377","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1988.254.2.H377","article-title":"Evaluation of baroreceptor reflex by blood pressure monitoring in unanesthetized cats","volume":"254","author":"Bertinieri","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050287","article-title":"The effect of body temperature on the hunting response of the middle finger skin temperature","volume":"76","author":"Daanen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"444","article-title":"Human physiological responses to cold exposure","volume":"75","author":"Stocks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S132399","article-title":"Assessment of effects of differences in trunk posture during fowler's position on hemodynamics and cardiovascular regulation in older and younger subjects","volume":"12","author":"Kubota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.3.911","article-title":"Determinants of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity in a healthy working population","volume":"37","author":"Attila","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240100555","article-title":"Water drinking causes a biphasic change in blood composition in humans","volume":"442","author":"Endo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pfl{\u00fc}Gers Arch."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019268","article-title":"Sympathetic nervous system activity during skin cooling in humans: relationship to stimulus intensity and pain sensation","volume":"454","author":"Kregel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1780","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.646.2008","article-title":"Cold pressor test in the rat: medullary and spinal pathways and neurotransmitters","volume":"295","author":"Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Circ Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20010317","article-title":"Cardiac vagal response to water ingestion in normal human subjects","volume":"103","author":"Routledge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091434","article-title":"Cardiac and vascular sympathetic baroreflex control during orthostatic pre-syncope","volume":"8","author":"Furlan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R557","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1997.272.2.R557","article-title":"Adrenergic, respiratory, and cardiovascular effects of core cooling in humans","volume":"272","author":"Frank","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R3","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00031.2007","article-title":"Effect of aging on baroreflex function in humans","volume":"293","author":"Monahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00601.2003","article-title":"Invited review: aging and the cardiovascular system","volume":"95","author":"Ferrari","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324437","article-title":"Cardiovascular reactivity patterns elicited by the cold pressor test as a function of aging","volume":"14","author":"Huisman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000160318.46725.46","article-title":"Gender-selective interaction between aging, blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"45","author":"Krzysztof","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00444.2003","article-title":"Age dependency of cardiovascular autonomic responses to head-up tilt in healthy subjects","volume":"96","author":"Laitinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.21.4.498","article-title":"Age and gender influence muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest in healthy humans","volume":"21","author":"Ng A","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00903.2017","article-title":"Influence of age and gender on the phase and strength of the relation between heart period and systolic blood pressure spontaneous fluctuations","volume":"124","author":"Milan-Mattos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.788954\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T15:15:47Z","timestamp":1642086947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.788954\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.788954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.788954","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"article-number":"788954"}}