{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:46:32Z","timestamp":1792590392923,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) continues to develop. Although ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery has a long history and is one of the most established neurosurgeries, in the 1970s, the improvement rate of iNPH triad symptoms was poor and the risks related to shunt implantation were high. This led experts to question the surgical indication for iNPH and, over the next 20 years, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt surgery for iNPH fell out of favor and was rarely performed. However, the development of programmable-pressure shunt valve devices has reduced the major complications associated with the CSF drainage volume and appears to have increased shunt effectiveness. In addition, the development of support devices for the placement of ventricular catheters including preoperative virtual simulation and navigation systems has increased the certainty of ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. Secure shunt implantation is the most important prognostic indicator, but ensuring optimal initial valve pressure is also important. Since over-drainage is most likely to occur in the month after shunting, it is generally believed that a high initial setting of shunt valve pressure is the safest option. However, this does not always result in sufficient improvement of the symptoms in the early period after shunting. In fact, evidence suggests that setting the optimal valve pressure early after shunting may cause symptoms to improve earlier. This leads to improved quality of life and better long-term independent living expectations. However, in iNPH patients, the remaining symptoms may worsen again after several years, even when there is initial improvement due to setting the optimal valve pressure early after shunting. Because of the possibility of insufficient CSF drainage, the valve pressure should be reduced by one step (2\u20134 cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O) after 6 months to a year after shunting to maximize symptom improvement. After the valve pressure is reduced, a head CT scan is advised a month later.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.798488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T05:51:39Z","timestamp":1641448299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Reconsidering Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Surgery and Postoperative Shunt Valve Pressure Adjustment: Our Approaches Learned From Past Challenges and Failures"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatsune","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madoka","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1967.27.6.0525","article-title":"Ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in the management of hydrocephalus","volume":"27","author":"Ames","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"399","article-title":"Treatment of hydrocephalus by direct shunt from ventricle to jugular vain","volume":"2","author":"Nulsen","year":"1952","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05175.x","article-title":"Hydraulic and mechanical mis-matching of valve shunts used in the treatment of hydrocephalus: the need for a servo-valve shunt","volume":"15","author":"Hakim","year":"1973","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000168187.01077.2F","article-title":"Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the value of outcome assessment in shunted patients","volume":"57","author":"Klinge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000249273.41569.6E","article-title":"Long-term outcome in patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"60","author":"Kahlon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303314","article-title":"The European iNPH Multicentre Study on the predictive values of resistance to CSF outflow and the CSF Tap Test in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"84","author":"Wikkelso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0b013e3182a78f6b","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"3","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009706","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009706.pub2","article-title":"Flow-regulated versus differential pressure-regulated shunt valves for adult patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"5","author":"Ziebell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.JNS14283","article-title":"A randomized controlled dual-center trial on shunt complications in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus treated with gradually reduced or \u201cfixed\u201d pressure valve settings","volume":"121","author":"Saehle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00046-0","article-title":"Lumboperitoneal shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (SINPHONI-2): an open-label randomised trial","volume":"14","author":"Kazui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.10.JNS151894","article-title":"One-year outcome in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: comparison of lumboperitoneal shunt to ventriculoperitoneal shunt","volume":"125","author":"Miyajima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2015-0282","article-title":"Shunt devices for the treatment of adult hydrocephalus: recent progress and characteristics","volume":"56","author":"Miyake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000305","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000334","article-title":"Timed up and go test at tap test and shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"7","author":"Yamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.5.JNS16377","article-title":"Disability risk or unimproved symptoms following shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: post hoc analysis of SINPHONI-2","volume":"126","author":"Yamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000168188.25559.0E","article-title":"Development of guidelines for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: introduction","volume":"57","author":"Marmarou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-32318-X_48","article-title":"Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: progress to date","volume":"95","author":"Marmarou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.48.S1","article-title":"Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"48","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.52.775","article-title":"Guidelines for management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: second edition","volume":"52","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002193","article-title":"Practice guideline: idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: response to shunting and predictors of response: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"85","author":"Halperin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.st.2020-0292","article-title":"Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (Third Edition): endorsed by the Japanese Society of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus","volume":"61","author":"Nakajima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.289","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the gait disorder of normal pressure hydrocephalus and Parkinson's disease","volume":"70","author":"Stolze","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224202","article-title":"Agreement study on gait assessment using a video-assisted rating method in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"14","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653964","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.653964","article-title":"Gait assessment using three-dimensional acceleration of the trunk in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"13","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.52.3.0371","article-title":"Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Results of shunting in 62 patients","volume":"52","author":"Black","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00011","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus of the elderly: effect of periventricular and deep white matter lesions","volume":"39","author":"Krauss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.1997.tb00297.x","article-title":"Dutch normal pressure hydrocephalus study: baseline characteristics with emphasis on clinical findings","volume":"4","author":"Boon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0654-8","article-title":"Intracranial pressure parameters in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients treated with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts","volume":"148","author":"Eide","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2012.01677.x","article-title":"A new scale for assessment of severity and outcome in iNPH","volume":"126","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.023","article-title":"Gait analysis in a component timed-up-and-go test using a smartphone application","volume":"398","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-016-0044-z","article-title":"Early and delayed assessments of quantitative gait measures to improve the tap test as a predictor of shunt effectiveness in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"13","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769216","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.769216","article-title":"Tap test can predict cognitive improvement in patients with iNPH-results from the multicenter prospective studies SINPHONI-1 and\u22122","volume":"12","author":"Nakajima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1986.tb04601.x","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Predictive value of the cerebrospinal fluid tap-test","volume":"73","author":"Wikkelso","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.50.119","article-title":"Clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid tap test and magnetic resonance imaging\/computed tomography findings of tight high convexity in patients with possible idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"50","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-9-1","article-title":"The value of the cerebrospinal fluid tap test for predicting shunt effectiveness in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"9","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.028","article-title":"CSF tap test\u2013obsolete or appropriate test for predicting shunt responsiveness? a systemic review","volume":"362","author":"Mihalj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12580","article-title":"Disease duration: the key to accurate CSF tap test in iNPH","volume":"135","author":"Yamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5187","article-title":"Lumbar puncture test in normal pressure hydrocephalus: does the volume of csf removed affect the response to tap?","volume":"38","author":"Thakur","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.12.JNS151663","article-title":"Walking assessment after lumbar puncture in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a delayed improvement over 3 days","volume":"126","author":"Schniepp","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0426","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of gait disturbance on an instrumented timed up-and-go test","volume":"10","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00243-6","article-title":"Exploring mechanisms of ventricular enlargement in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a role of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and motile cilia","volume":"18","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4440","article-title":"Optimal diagnostic indices for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus based on the 3D quantitative volumetric analysis for the cerebral ventricle and subarachnoid space","volume":"36","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318208f5e0","article-title":"Evans' index revisited: the need for an alternative in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"68","author":"Toma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4046","article-title":"Preoperative prognostic value of MRI findings in 108 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"35","author":"Virhammar","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39070","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39070","article-title":"Choroidal fissure acts as an overflow device in cerebrospinal fluid drainage: morphological comparison between idiopathic and secondary normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13226","article-title":"Estimated ventricle size using Evans index: reference values from a population-based sample","volume":"24","author":"Jaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00583","article-title":"Fluid distribution pattern in adult-onset congenital, idiopathic, and secondary normal-pressure hydrocephalus: implications for clinical care","volume":"8","author":"Yamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751145","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.751145","article-title":"The impact of multimorbidity burden, frailty risk scoring, and 3-directional morphological indices vs. testing for CSF responsiveness in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"15","author":"Shereen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-7-18","article-title":"Diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is supported by MRI-based scheme: a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22533-3_57","article-title":"Disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and its implication in pathogenesis","volume":"122","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1044-4","article-title":"Clinical impact of the callosal angle in the diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"18","author":"Ishii","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4695","article-title":"Comparison of CSF distribution between idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"37","author":"Yamada","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.JNS17547","article-title":"Increase in callosal angle and decrease in ventricular volume after shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"130","author":"Virhammar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53888-7","article-title":"Longitudinal morphological changes during recovery from brain deformation due to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus after ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery","volume":"9","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00635","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.635","article-title":"Nationwide hospital-based survey of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in Japan: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics","volume":"7","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00421","article-title":"Shunt intervention for possible idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus improves patient outcomes: a nationwide hospital-based survey in Japan","volume":"9","author":"Nakajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90911-2","article-title":"Improvement in the long-term care burden after surgical treatment of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a supplementary study","volume":"11","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.8.JNS13250","article-title":"Improvement in clinical outcomes following optimal targeting of brain ventricular catheters with intraoperative imaging","volume":"120","author":"Janson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B59","first-page":"1277","article-title":"CSF spaces in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: morphology and volumetry","volume":"19","author":"Kitagaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.06.018","article-title":"Factors affecting the accuracy of ventricular catheter placement","volume":"18","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.07.026","article-title":"Choice of valve type and poor ventricular catheter placement: Modifiable factors associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure","volume":"27","author":"Jeremiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.5.FOCUS16159","article-title":"Comparison of the accuracy and proximal shunt failure rate of freehand placement versus intraoperative guidance in parietooccipital ventricular catheter placement","volume":"41","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/01\/0088","article-title":"Accuracy of the freehand pass technique for ventriculostomy catheter placement: retrospective assessment using computed tomography scans","volume":"108","author":"Huyette","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.09.015","article-title":"Ventricular catheter placement accuracy in non-stereotactic shunt surgery for hydrocephalus","volume":"16","author":"Lind","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.11.JNS111384","article-title":"Comparison of the accuracy of ventricular catheter placement using freehand placement, ultrasonic guidance, and stereotactic neuronavigation","volume":"119","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy193","article-title":"Utility of preoperative simulation for ventricular catheter placement via a parieto-occipital approach in normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"16","author":"Yamada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-014-2026-8","article-title":"Non-assisted versus neuro-navigated and XperCT-guided external ventricular catheter placement: a comparative cadaver study","volume":"156","author":"Gautschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000849","article-title":"Image guidance in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid shunt catheter placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Nesvick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199912000-00026","article-title":"A randomized, controlled study of a programmable shunt valve versus a conventional valve for patients with hydrocephalus. Hakim-Medos Investigator Group","volume":"45","author":"Pollack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2004.03.015","article-title":"Comparison of programmable shunt valves vs standard valves for communicating hydrocephalus of adults: a retrospective analysis of 407 patients","volume":"63","author":"Ringel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surg Neurol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3115-2","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus based on the SINPHONI and SINPHONI-2 trials","volume":"159","author":"Kameda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.PEDS12239","article-title":"Hydrodynamic properties of the Certas hydrocephalus shunt","volume":"11","author":"Czosnyka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.3.408a","article-title":"Hydrodynamic performance of a new siphon preventing device: the SiphonGuard","volume":"66","author":"Czosnyka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.48.427","article-title":"Development of a quick reference table for setting programmable pressure valves in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"48","author":"Miyake","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318260fef7","article-title":"Assessment of a quick reference table algorithm for determining initial postoperative pressure settings of programmable pressure valves in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: SINPHONI subanalysis","volume":"71","author":"Miyake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.JNS141301","article-title":"A double-blind randomized trial on the clinical effect of different shunt valve settings in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"124","author":"Farahmand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.JNS142761","article-title":"Aneurysm location and clipping versus coiling for development of secondary normal-pressure hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Japanese Stroke DataBank","volume":"123","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-200111000-00028","volume":"49","author":"Hebb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1835-5","article-title":"Systematic review of the outcome of shunt surgery in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"155","author":"Toma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.10.136","article-title":"The rate of complications after ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery","volume":"98","author":"Merkler","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14671","article-title":"Early shunt surgery improves survival in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"28","author":"Andren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab094","article-title":"Falls and fear of falling in shunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus-the idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus comorbidity and risk factors associated with hydrocephalus study","volume":"89","author":"Larsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.798488\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T05:51:45Z","timestamp":1641448305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.798488\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.798488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.798488","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"article-number":"798488"}}