{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:22:03Z","timestamp":1793744523438,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute pain in neurosurgical patients is an important issue. Opioids are the most used for pain treatment in the neurosurgical ICU. Potential side effects of opioid use such as oversedation, respiratory depression, hypercapnia, worsening intracranial pressure, nausea, and vomiting may be problems and could interfere with neurologic assessment. Consequently, reducing opioids and use of non-opioid analgesics and adjuvants (N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, \u03b12 -adrenergic agonists, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids), as well as non-pharmacological therapies were introduced as a part of a multimodal regimen. Local and regional anesthesia is effective in opioid reduction during the early postoperative period. Among non-opioid agents, acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used frequently. Adverse events associated with opioid use in neurosurgical patients are discussed. Larger controlled studies are needed to find optimal pain management tailored to neurologically impaired neurosurgical patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.819613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T15:35:06Z","timestamp":1643124906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Analgesia in the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Slavica","family":"Kvolik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nenad","family":"Koruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Skiljic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-018-0634-x","article-title":"Moderne prinzipien der neurologischen intensivmedizin","volume":"89","author":"B\u00f6sel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nervenarzt."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-6-27","article-title":"A key role of the basal ganglia in pain and analgesia\u2013insights gained through human functional imaging","volume":"6","author":"Borsook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Pain."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000480","article-title":"Pain management in neurocritical care; an update","volume":"24","author":"Morad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.12.003","article-title":"Pre-optimization of spinal surgery patients: development of a neurosurgical enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol","volume":"164","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02150-7","article-title":"Enhanced recovery after surgery - ERAS in elective craniotomies-a non-randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Elayat","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.03.005","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and receipt of prescription opioid therapy for chronic pain in iraq and afghanistan veterans: do clinical practice guidelines matter?","volume":"19","author":"Seal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1024\/1012-5302\/a000401","article-title":"[Standardized impartial assessment of pain in unconscious patients with the Zurich observation pain assessment on a neurosurgical intensive care unit - a case report]","volume":"28","author":"Maier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pflege."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0722-4","article-title":"A contemporary perspective on the management of post-craniotomy headache and pain","volume":"22","author":"Lutman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2016.04.003","article-title":"Chronic pain in neurosurgery","volume":"34","author":"Grodofsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12548","article-title":"Postoperative pain control following craniotomy: a systematic review of recent clinical literature","volume":"17","author":"Tsaousi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001602","article-title":"Analgesia in neurocritical care: an international survey and practice audit*","volume":"44","author":"Zeiler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0693-y","article-title":"Post-Craniotomy pain management: beyond opioids","volume":"16","author":"Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182863c22","article-title":"Regional scalp blockfor postcraniotomy analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Guilfoyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2015.24.14.740","article-title":"Management of pain following craniotomy","volume":"24","author":"Puntis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nurs."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.02.011","article-title":"Effect of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on post-craniotomy pain","volume":"37","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ther."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_310_17","article-title":"Efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to local anesthetic agent in scalp block and scalp infiltration to control postcraniotomy pain: a double-blind randomized trial","volume":"9","author":"Vallapu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12444","article-title":"The postoperative management of pain from intracranial surgery in pediatric neurosurgical patients","volume":"24","author":"Shay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2017.08.009","article-title":"Assessing pain in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness: are we heading in the right direction?","volume":"55","author":"Naro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.7.870","article-title":"Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest","volume":"291","author":"Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R160","DOI":"10.1186\/cc14000","article-title":"Psychometric comparison of three behavioural scales for the assessment of pain in critically ill patients unable to self-report","volume":"18","author":"Chanques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.920518","article-title":"Pain issues in disorders of consciousness","volume":"28","author":"Chatelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.15171\/jcs.2018.030","article-title":"Behavioral pain indicators in patients with traumatic brain injury admitted to an intensive care unit","volume":"7","author":"Nazari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Caring Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-016-0192-x","article-title":"Accuracy of critical care pain observation tool and behavioral pain scale to assess pain in critically ill conscious and unconscious patients: prospective, observational study","volume":"4","author":"Severgnini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Inten Care."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2018.09.004","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the behavioral pain scale in traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs Off J Am Soc Pain Manag Nurses."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.012","article-title":"Implementation of the critical-care pain observation tool on pain assessment\/management nursing practices in an intensive care unit with nonverbal critically ill adults: a before and after study","volume":"48","author":"G\u00e9linas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2018.08.007","article-title":"Implementation of the critical care pain observation tool increases the frequency of pain assessment for noncommunicative ICU patients","volume":"32","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2017-000304","article-title":"Using the model for improvement to implement the critical-care pain observation tool in an adult intensive care unit","volume":"7","author":"Mascarenhas","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ open Qual."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318228236f","article-title":"Sedation for critically ill adults with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1574328","article-title":"Opioids and cerebral physiology in the acute management of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Wiener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2016.1187289","article-title":"ICU sedation with dexmedetomidine after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Humble","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22066","article-title":"A review of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after acquired brain injury","volume":"68","author":"Perkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.243.11","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of patients with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity following acute brain injuries using a consensus-based diagnostic tool: a single institutional case series","volume":"243","author":"Godo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1928616","article-title":"Incidence and clinical manifestation of iatrogenic opioid withdrawal syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"37","author":"Taesotikul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000230","article-title":"Lidocaine reduces acute postoperative pain after supratentorial tumor surgery in the pacu: a secondary finding from a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-20.4.335","article-title":"Morphine: an effective abortive therapy for pediatric paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after hypoxic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Raithel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69012","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16920","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine attenuates acute paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2986","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2986","article-title":"The preventive effect of dexmedetomidine on paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in severe traumatic brain injury patients who have undergone surgery: a retrospective study","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.01.083","article-title":"Opioid receptor agonists reduce brain edema in stroke","volume":"1383","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1800222","article-title":"Opioid tolerance in critical illness","volume":"380","author":"Martyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","year":"2012"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw255","article-title":"Opioid-induced constipation and bowel dysfunction: a clinical guideline","volume":"18","author":"M\u00fcller-Lissner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190017732263","article-title":"Peripherally acting \u03bc-opioid receptor antagonists for the treatment of opioid-related side effects: mechanism of action and clinical implications","volume":"31","author":"Streicher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9788","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.9788","article-title":"Predictors and outcomes of invasive mechanical ventilation in opioid overdose hospitalization in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Oladunjoye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001069","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for sedation in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"81","author":"Pajoumand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.666369","article-title":"Tolerance to enteral nutrition therapy in traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"26","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000479","article-title":"Poststroke constipation is associated with impaired rectal sensation","volume":"115","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12528","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of new-onset constipation during acute hospitalisation after stroke","volume":"69","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0287-2","article-title":"Incidence of diarrhea and associated risk factors in patients with traumatic brain injury and enteral nutrition","volume":"33","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.174902","article-title":"Comparison of erythromycin versus metoclopramide for gastric feeding intolerance in patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized double-blind study","volume":"10","author":"Makkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2020.094","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of mesenteric lift to relieve constipation in traumatic brain injury patients","author":"Berry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"117","article-title":"Correlation analysis between post-stroke constipation and brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"589","article-title":"Incidence de la constipation dans une population de patients atteints d'h\u00e9mipl\u00e9gie vasculaire r\u00e9cente: \u00e9tude prospective de 152 cas [Incidence of constipation after recent vascular hemiplegia: a prospective cohort of 152 patients]","volume":"158","author":"Robain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfie.2017.10.003","article-title":"Evaluation and handling of constipation in critical patients","volume":"28","author":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enferm Int."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20130018","article-title":"Incidence of constipation in an intensive care unit","volume":"25","author":"Guerra TL de","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter intensiva."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367251","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/367251","article-title":"Standardized application of laxatives and physical measures in neurosurgical intensive care patients improves defecation pattern but is not associated with lower intracranial pressure","volume":"2014","author":"Kieninger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028016677310","article-title":"Methylnaltrexone versus naloxone for opioid-induced constipation in the medical intensive care unit","volume":"51","author":"Merchan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0b013e31811f3feb","article-title":"Effects of fentanyl and s(+)-ketamine on cerebral hemodynamics, gastrointestinal motility, and need of vasopressors in patients with intracranial pathologies: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Schmittner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2007.01566.x","article-title":"Remifentanil and the brain","volume":"52","author":"Fodale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185212","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185212","article-title":"Age related inverse dose relation of sedatives and analgesics in the intensive care unit","volume":"12","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12117","article-title":"Need for sedation and analgesia in patients with a history of substance misuse admitted to an intensive care unit","volume":"21","author":"Ruiz-Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.12.002","article-title":"The value of harm reduction for injection drug use: a clinical and public health ethics analysis","volume":"65","author":"Vearrier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disease Month"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0631-2","article-title":"Children and youth with non-traumatic brain injury: a population based perspective","volume":"16","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201701-022OC","article-title":"The critical care crisis of opioid overdoses in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Stevens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02878-5","article-title":"Storms and silence: a case report of catatonia and paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity following cerebral hypoxia","volume":"20","author":"Hamlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000306","article-title":"Risk factors associated with iatrogenic opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal in critically ill pediatric patients: a systematic review and conceptual model","volume":"16","author":"Best","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001953","article-title":"Patient, process, and system predictors of iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome in critically ill children*","volume":"45","author":"Best","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.10.021","article-title":"Discharge prescribing of enteral opioids in opioid na\u00efve patients following non-surgical intensive care: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"68","author":"Tollinche","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crit Care."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020919122","article-title":"Opioid prescribing after discharge in a previously mechanically ventilated, opioid-na\u00efve cohort","volume":"54","author":"Academia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002071","article-title":"Sedative and analgesic drug rotation protocol in critically ill children with prolonged sedation: evaluation of implementation and efficacy to reduce withdrawal syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Sanavia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit care Med J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Int Crit Care Soc."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318192fcf9","article-title":"Benzodiazepine and opioid use and the duration of intensive care unit delirium in an older population","volume":"37","author":"Pisani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13943","article-title":"Risk factors for the incidence of delirium in cerebrovascular patients in a neurosurgery intensive care unit: a prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2018.1477556","article-title":"Cerebral ischaemia\/reperfusion injury could be managed by using tramadol","volume":"40","author":"Akkurt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7006","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15474","article-title":"The potential role of dexmedetomidine on neuroprotection and its possible mechanisms: evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"54","author":"Unchiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12575","article-title":"The effect of gabapentin on delayed discharge from the postanesthesia care unit: a retrospective analysis","volume":"18","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.819613\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T14:52:04Z","timestamp":1643813524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.819613\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2021.819613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.819613","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"article-number":"819613"}}