{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:21:31Z","timestamp":1792693291118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Modified pharyngeal electrical stimulation (mPES) is a novel therapeutic modality for patients with neurogenic dysphagia. However, the underlying neural mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore the influence of mPES on swallowing-related frequency-specific neural networks and ethology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-two healthy right-handed volunteers participated in the study. Each participant was randomly assigned to either the sham or the mPES group and provided a 10-min intervention program every day for 5 days. Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes verified by fNIRS were recorded on days 1, 3, and 5. Five characteristic frequency signals (0.0095\u20132 Hz) were identified using the wavelet transform method. To calculate frequency-specific functional connectivity, wavelet phase coherence (WPCO) was adopted. Furthermore, behavioral performance was assessed pre- and post-mPES using a 150 ml-water swallowing stress test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with sham stimulation on day 1, the significantly decreased WPCO values were mainly associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal lobe, Broca's area, and middle temporal lobe. Compared with the sham mPES on day 1, the mPES showed a noticeable effect on the total swallow duration. Compared with the baseline, the WPCO values on days 3 and 5 showed a stepwise decrease in connectivity with the application of mPES. Furthermore, the decreased WPCO was associated with a shortened time per swallow after mPES.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mPES could modulate swallowing-related frequency-specific neural networks and evoke swallowing cortical processing more efficiently. This was associated with improved performance in a water swallowing stress test in healthy participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1006013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:51:21Z","timestamp":1665381081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modulating swallowing-related functional connectivity and behavior via modified pharyngeal electrical stimulation: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy evidence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilong","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiemei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiena","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guifang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delian","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulin","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-1424.2021.12.019","article-title":"The effect of pharyngeal sensory electrical stimulation on one patient with severe chronic neurogenic dysphagia: a case report","volume":"43","author":"Hongmei Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Phy Med Rehabilitation."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S122287","article-title":"Pharyngeal electrical stimulation device for the treatment of neurogenic dysphagia: technology update","volume":"11","author":"Restivo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Devices."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2087-9","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation: implications of the electrically evoked sensory volley","volume":"111","author":"Bergquist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85645-0","article-title":"Modulation of torque evoked by wide-pulse, high-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation and the potential implications for rehabilitation and training","volume":"11","author":"Donnelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.10.028","article-title":"Clinical use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for neuromuscular rehabilitation: what are we overlooking?","volume":"99","author":"Maffiuletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.08.478","article-title":"Utilizing physiological principles of motor unit recruitment to reduce fatigability of electrically-evoked contractions: a narrative review","volume":"99","author":"Barss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0046-0","article-title":"Optimizing stimulation parameters in functional electrical stimulation of denervated muscles: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Pieber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.274326","article-title":"Electrical stimulation and denervated muscles after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/264","article-title":"Long-term reorganization of human motor cortex driven by short-term sensory stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Hamdy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.016","article-title":"Pharyngeal electrical stimulation can modulate swallowing in cortical processing and behavior - magnetoencephalographic evidence","volume":"104","author":"Suntrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.052","article-title":"Adjunctive functional pharyngeal electrical stimulation reverses swallowing disability after brain lesions","volume":"138","author":"Jayasekeran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.037","article-title":"Functional connectivity of the cortical swallowing network in humans","volume":"76","author":"Babaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00867","article-title":"Comparison of activation patterns in mirror neurons and the swallowing network during action observation and execution: a task-based fMRI study","volume":"14","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.04.18","article-title":"Quality assurance of human functional magnetic resonance imaging: a literature review","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2010.11.001","article-title":"Overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"22","author":"Glover","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G600","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00167.2012","article-title":"Reproducibility of swallow-induced cortical BOLD positive and negative fMRI activity","volume":"303","author":"Babaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00151","article-title":"Hemodynamic signal changes accompanying execution and imagery of swallowing in patients with dysphagia: a multiple single-case near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"6","author":"Kober","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G354","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.3.G354","article-title":"Cerebral cortical representation of reflexive and volitional swallowing in humans","volume":"280","author":"Kern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20743","article-title":"Neural activation of swallowing and swallowing-related tasks in healthy young adults: an attempt to separate the components of deglutition","volume":"30","author":"Malandraki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00419","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging and functional near-infrared spectroscopy: insights from combined recording studies","volume":"11","author":"Scarapicchia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.07.008","article-title":"Illuminating the developing brain: the past, present and future of functional near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"34","author":"Lloyd-Fox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00003","article-title":"fNIRS-based brain-computer interfaces: a review","volume":"9","author":"Naseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"452","article-title":"Non-invasive, infra-red monitoring of cerebral O2 sufficiency, bloodvolume, HbO2-Hb shifts and bloodflow","volume":"56","author":"Jobsis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab469","article-title":"Functional connectivity drives stroke recovery: shifting the paradigm from correlation to causation","volume":"145","author":"Cassidy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.2.109","article-title":"Clinical measurement of swallowing in health and in neurogenic dysphagia","volume":"89","author":"Hughes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Qjm."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00007-X","article-title":"Non-invasive monitoring of functionally distinct muscle activations during swallowing","volume":"113","author":"McKeown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-016-0099-2","article-title":"Measuring prefrontal cortical activity during dual task walking in patients with Parkinson's disease: feasibility of using a new portable fNIRS device","volume":"2","author":"Nieuwhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.080","article-title":"Functional connectivity as revealed by independent component analysis of resting-state fNIRS measurements","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.004","article-title":"A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology","volume":"85","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00641","article-title":"Signal processing in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS): methodological differences lead to different statistical results","volume":"11","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/5\/004","article-title":"How to detect and reduce movement artifacts in near-infrared imaging using moving standard deviation and spline interpolation","volume":"31","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Meas."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169279","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation on phase synchronization as assessed by wavelet phase coherence analysis of prefrontal tissue oxyhemoglobin signals","volume":"12","author":"Bu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2010.02.004","article-title":"Wavelet analysis of cerebral oxygenation signal measured by near infrared spectroscopy in subjects with cerebral infarction","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microvasc Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49401-9","article-title":"Tai Chi Chuan exercise related change in brain function as assessed by functional near\u2013infrared spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219477512400135","article-title":"Coherence between fluctuations in blood flow and oxygen saturation","volume":"11","author":"Bernjak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fluct Noise Lett"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4928672","article-title":"Frequency-specific functional connectivity revealed by wavelet-based coherence analysis in elderly subjects with cerebral infarction using NIRS method","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Phys."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20515","article-title":"Combinatorial treatments for promoting axon regeneration in the CNS: strategies for overcoming inhibitory signals and activating neurons' intrinsic growth state","volume":"67","author":"Benowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.083311","article-title":"Effects of arterial wall stress on vasomotion","volume":"91","author":"Koenigsberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11061047","article-title":"Non-linear frequency dependence of neurovascular coupling in the cerebellar cortex implies vasodilation-vasoconstriction competition","volume":"11","author":"Gagliano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.557132","article-title":"Sympathetic control of the cerebral vasculature in humans","volume":"41","author":"Hamner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000031798.07790.FE","article-title":"Autonomic neural control of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.05.003","article-title":"Sympathetic control of the brain circulation: appreciating the complexities to better understand the controversy","volume":"207","author":"Brassard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.12.003","article-title":"Nonlinear dynamics of cardiovascular ageing","volume":"488","author":"Shiogai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Rep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.268953","article-title":"Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow","volume":"592","author":"Willie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1076","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging: concepts and applications","volume":"13","author":"Bihan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.006","article-title":"Diffusion MRI at 25: Exploring brain tissue structure and function","volume":"61","author":"Bihan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101685","article-title":"Mapping acute lesion locations to physiological swallow impairments after stroke","volume":"22","author":"Wilmskoetter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.05.010","article-title":"Differences in swallow physiology in patients with left and right hemispheric strokes","volume":"194","author":"Wilmskoetter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12341","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0787-14.2014","article-title":"Functional specialization in the human brain estimated by intrinsic hemispheric interaction","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-016-0480-x","article-title":"Saving mental effort to maintain physical effort: a shift of activity within the prefrontal cortex in anticipation of prolonged exercise","volume":"17","author":"Radel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.247","article-title":"Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: does self-control resemble a muscle?","volume":"126","author":"Muraven","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-018-9879-6","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of swallowing dysfunction and apraxia of speech in acute stroke","volume":"33","author":"Trupe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dysphagia."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145128","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of language production and comprehension","volume":"54","author":"Gernsbacher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21029","article-title":"Neural plasticity of development and learning","volume":"31","author":"Galv\u00e1n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0596","article-title":"Imaging brain plasticity: conceptual and methodological issues\u2014 a theoretical review","volume":"12","author":"Poldrack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.008","article-title":"Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning","volume":"72","author":"Dayan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600788113","article-title":"Primary motor and sensory cortical areas communicate via spatiotemporally coordinated networks at multiple frequencies","volume":"113","author":"Arce-McShane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1098142","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1006013\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T15:36:30Z","timestamp":1671636990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1006013\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.1006013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1006013","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1098142","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"article-number":"1006013"}}