{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T18:36:29Z","timestamp":1786905389838,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>White matter dementia (WMD) is a concept introduced in 1988 to highlight the importance of white matter pathology in producing cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Whereas gray matter, particularly the cerebral cortex, has been primarily investigated in the dementias, subcortical pathology has long been correlated with cognitive loss, and a corticocentric perspective cannot account for the full range of neurobehavioral disorders. Within the subcortical regions, white matter is prominent, accounting for about half the volume of the adult brain, and many white matter diseases, injuries, and intoxications can produce cognitive dysfunction so severe as to justify the term dementia. Recognition of this novel syndrome relied heavily on the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that permitted <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> visualization of white matter lesions. Neuropsychological studies clarified the clinical presentation of WMD by identifying a profile dominated by cognitive slowing and executive dysfunction, and a precursor syndrome of mild cognitive dysfunction was proposed to identify early cognitive impairment that may later evolve to WMD. As knowledge advanced, the role of white matter in structural connectivity within distributed neural networks was elucidated. In addition, highlighting the frequent commingling of gray and white matter involvement, white matter pathology was associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, with potentially transformative clinical implications. In particular, preventive measures and treatments exploiting white matter restoration and plasticity are gaining much attention. Today, WMD has matured into a concept that not only integrates knowledge from across the spectrum of clinical neuroscience, but also informs new investigations into many perplexing disorders and enables a more complete understanding of brain-behavior relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1043583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T05:03:40Z","timestamp":1669007020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["White matter dementia then\u2026 and now"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Filley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"239","article-title":"White matter dementia: clinical disorders and implications","volume":"1","author":"Filley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050190080019","article-title":"Subcortical dementia. Review of an emerging concept","volume":"41","author":"Cummings","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.37.2.121","article-title":"The \u201csubcortical dementia\u201d of progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"37","author":"Albert","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"267","article-title":"Psychiatric syndromes of Huntington's chorea: a clinical and phenomenologic study","volume-title":"Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Disease, Vol. 1","author":"McHugh","year":"1975"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608013350507","article-title":"Evaluation of dementia","volume":"335","author":"Geldmacher","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.04.008","article-title":"Corticocentric myopia: old bias in new cognitive sciences","volume":"13","author":"Parvizi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Differentiation of Dementia Syndromes","author":"Derix","year":"1994"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000054048.22626.B9","article-title":"New light on white matter","volume":"34","author":"Goldberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-57642008dn10200004","article-title":"What matters in white matter dementia?","volume":"1","author":"Caixeta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-6-28","article-title":"The cognitive neuropsychological phenotype of carriers of the FMR1 premutation","volume":"6","author":"Grigsby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.11.006","article-title":"Aging of cerebral white matter","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26141","article-title":"Cognitive functions in adult-onset phenotypes of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"90","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Scholarship Revisited. Priorities of the Professoriate","author":"Boyer","year":"1990"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(07)01201-8","article-title":"History of dementia","volume":"89","author":"Boller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01159.x","article-title":"Should the word \u201cdementia\u201d be forgotten?","volume":"14","author":"Jellinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980080612","article-title":"An English translation of Alzheimer's 1907 paper. \u201cUber eine eigenartige Erkankung der Hirnrinde\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Alzheimer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Anat."},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"De Humani Corporis Fabrica","author":"Vesalius","year":"1543"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.5.698","article-title":"Neurologic sequelae of chronic solvent vapor abuse","volume":"36","author":"Hormes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(88)90014-1","article-title":"Central nervous system effects of chronic toluene abuse-clinical, brainstem evoked response and magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"10","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.3_Part_1.532","article-title":"White matter dementia in chronic toluene abuse","volume":"40","author":"Filley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230614","article-title":"Toluene abuse causes diffuse central nervous system white matter changes","volume":"23","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108093450606","article-title":"Toxic leukoencephalopathy","volume":"345","author":"Filley","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1444.017","article-title":"Cerebral white matter: neuroanatomy, clinical neurology, and neurobehavioral correlates","volume":"1142","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9127-9","article-title":"White matter: organization and functional relevance","volume":"20","author":"Filley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520380061013","article-title":"comparison of dementia in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Filley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390600582438","article-title":"MS vs. HD: Can white matter and subcortical gray matter pathology be distinguished neuropsychologically?","volume":"29","author":"Lafosse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.057","article-title":"Cognitive processing speed and the structure of white matter pathways: evidence from normal variation and lesion studies","volume":"42","author":"Turken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00164-6","article-title":"Neurovascular unit dysregulation, white matter disease, and executive dysfunction: the shared triad of vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"42","author":"Levit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geroscience."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859900500414","article-title":"Normal-appearing white matter changes in multiple sclerosis: the contribution of magnetic resonance techniques","volume":"5","author":"Filippi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0b013e318190d174","article-title":"White matter microstructure and cognition in non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"Filley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711000191","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction and white matter abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"17","author":"Kozora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e227512","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.7512","article-title":"Association of subjective memory complaints with white matter hyperintensities and cognitive decline among older adults in Chicago, Illinois","volume":"5","author":"Dhana","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280502","article-title":"Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory","volume":"28","author":"Mesulam","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540080076020","article-title":"Frontal-subcortical networks and human behavior","volume":"50","author":"Cummings","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2006.01.007","article-title":"Complementary aspects of diffusion imaging and fMRI; I: structure and function","volume":"24","author":"Mulkern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672665","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.672665","article-title":"Functional contributions of the arcuate fasciculus to language processing","volume":"15","author":"Ivanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.102994","article-title":"Right uncinate fasciculus supports socioemotional sensitivity in health and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"34","author":"Toller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00585","article-title":"Probabilistic atlases of default mode, executive control and salience network white matter tracts: an fMRI-guided diffusion tensor imaging and tractography study","volume":"9","author":"Figley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118543","article-title":"The human connectome project: a retrospective","volume":"244","author":"Elam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0313","article-title":"The primate neocortex in comparative perspective using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"37","author":"Rilling","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hum Evol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.090504197","article-title":"universal scaling law between gray matter and white matter of cerebral cortex","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015018","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0180","article-title":"Neuronal factors determining high intelligence","volume":"371","author":"Dicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.04.015","article-title":"White matter pathways and social cognition","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000223","article-title":"Social cognition and white matter: connectivity and cooperation","volume":"33","author":"Filley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1566067","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis","volume":"256","author":"Hardy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.03.022","article-title":"Status and future directions of clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"154","author":"Plascencia-Villa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n156","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n156","article-title":"Effect of reductions in amyloid levels on cognitive change in randomized trials: instrumental variable meta-analysis","volume":"372","author":"Ackley","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.007","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease as homeostatic responses to age-related myelin breakdown","volume":"32","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250506","article-title":"Quantitation of cerebral atrophy in preclinical and end-stage Alzheimer's disease","volume":"25","author":"De la Monte","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105681","article-title":"Axonopathy and transport deficits early in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"307","author":"Stokin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180017","article-title":"A clinicopathological investigation of white matter hyperintensities and Alzheimer's Disease neuropathology","volume":"63","author":"Alosco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182661f2b","article-title":"Trajectory of white matter hyperintensity burden preceding mild cognitive impairment","volume":"79","author":"Silbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2125166","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.25166","article-title":"Association of regional white matter hyperintensities with longitudinal Alzheimer-like pattern of neurodegeneration in older adults","volume":"4","author":"Rizvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.07.009","article-title":"White matter integrity and vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease: preliminary findings and future directions","volume":"1822","author":"Gold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26353","article-title":"Greater diffusion restriction in white matter in preclinical Alzheimer's disease","volume":"91","author":"Benitez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0515-3","article-title":"White matter changes in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on myelin and oligodendrocytes","volume":"6","author":"Nasrabady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0603-4","article-title":"Alzheimer's associated amyloid and tau deposition co-localizes with a homeostatic myelin repair pathway in two mouse models of post-stroke mixed dementia","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24647","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities are a core feature of Alzheimer's disease: evidence from the dominantly inherited Alzheimer network","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01030-7","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities are a prominent feature of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease that emerge prior to dementia","volume":"14","author":"Schoemaker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021210383","article-title":"Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. Diffusion tensor MRI structural connectivity and PET amyloid burden in preclinical autosomal dominant Alzheimer Disease: The DIAN cohort","volume":"302","author":"Prescott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307","article-title":"The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"136","author":"McKee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63954-7.00028-8","article-title":"The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"158","author":"McKee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.18100223","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a clinical perspective","volume":"31","author":"Filley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1253","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management","volume":"45","author":"Alexander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.01.013","article-title":"Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury","volume":"246","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180287","article-title":"White matter and cognition in traumatic brain injury","volume":"65","author":"Filley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317557","article-title":"Understanding neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury: from mechanisms to clinical trials in dementia","volume":"90","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0408","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging reveals elevated diffusivity of white matter microstructure that is independently associated with long-term outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study","volume":"39","author":"Palacios","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2021.04.003","article-title":"Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and neuropsychiatric clinical expression","volume":"44","author":"Shively","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2244","article-title":"Association of white matter rarefaction, arteriolosclerosis, and tau with dementia in chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"76","author":"Alosco","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1649-7","article-title":"Localized cortical chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology after single, severe axonal injury in human brain","volume":"133","author":"Shively","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e3181af59c4","article-title":"Fragile X-associated tremor\/ataxia syndrome: clinical phenotype, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"57","author":"Leehey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Investig Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000954","article-title":"Fragile X-associated tremor\/ataxia syndrome: pathophysiology and management","volume":"34","author":"Hagerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh683","article-title":"Neuropathology of fragile X-associated tremor\/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS)","volume":"129","author":"Greco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001612","article-title":"White matter disease and cognitive impairment in FMR1 premutation carriers","volume":"84","author":"Filley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology","author":"Ropper","year":"2014"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.21030080","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in white matter disorders: new perspectives in treatment and recovery","volume":"33","author":"Filley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120420","article-title":"Prognosis in substance abuse-related acute toxic leukoencephalopathy: a scoping review","volume":"442","author":"Macchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg061","article-title":"Axonal damage: a key predictor of outcome in human CNS diseases","volume":"126","author":"Medana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380502","article-title":"Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis","volume":"338","author":"Trapp","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804766-8.00011-X","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"167","author":"Stern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25501","article-title":"Genetic risk of dementia mitigated by cognitive reserve: a cohort study","volume":"86","author":"Dekhtyar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000108","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease prevention: new optimism","volume":"5","author":"Filley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.10","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities, cognitive impairment and dementia: an update","volume":"11","author":"Prins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17010006","article-title":"The expanding prominence of toxic leukoencephalopathy","volume":"29","author":"Filley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.006","article-title":"Associations between modifiable risk factors and white matter of the aging brain: insights from diffusion tensor imaging studies","volume":"80","author":"Wassenaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182553be6","article-title":"Is dementia incidence declining? Trends in dementia incidence since 1990 in the Rotterdam Study","volume":"78","author":"Schrijvers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1311405","article-title":"New insights into the dementia epidemic","volume":"369","author":"Larson","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.63","article-title":"The changing prevalence and incidence of dementia over time\u2014current evidence","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/08037051.2019.1678261","article-title":"Systolic blood pressure control prevents cognitive decline and slows development of white matter lesions in the brain: the SPRINT MIND study outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9070170","article-title":"White matter hyperintensity regression: comparison of brain atrophy and cognitive profiles with progression and stable groups","volume":"9","author":"Al-Janabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn265","article-title":"Heterogeneity of white matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer's disease: post-mortem quantitative MRI and neuropathology","volume":"131","author":"Gouw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3045","article-title":"Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning","volume":"15","author":"Zatorre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4023","article-title":"new mechanism of nervous system plasticity: activity-dependent myelination","volume":"16","author":"Fields","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.026","article-title":"White matter plasticity in the adult brain","volume":"96","author":"Sampaio-Baptista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9080193","article-title":"Brain white matter: a substrate for resilience and a substance for subcortical small vessel disease","volume":"9","author":"Sorond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414183112","article-title":"The effects of bilingualism on the white matter structure of the brain","volume":"112","author":"Pliatsikas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010067","article-title":"Effects of lifelong musicianship on white matter integrity and cognitive brain reserve","volume":"11","author":"Andrews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082184","article-title":"Neurological music therapy rebuilds structural connectome after traumatic brain injury: secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Sihvonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26196","article-title":"Clinical application of myelin plasticity for remyelinating therapies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30140-X","article-title":"Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: from basic science to clinical translation","volume":"19","author":"Lubetzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.026","article-title":"Age-dependent differences in brain tissue microstructure assessed with neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging","volume":"43","author":"Merluzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105662","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain is a marker of aging and white matter damage","volume":"166","author":"Meeker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02095-y","article-title":"Plasma neurofilament light levels correlate with white matter damage prior to Alzheimer's disease: results from ADNI","volume":"28","author":"Nabizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg9922","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg9922","article-title":"Axonal marker neurofilament light predicts long-term outcomes and progressive neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195104233.001.0001","volume-title":"Fiber Pathways of the Brain","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2006"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1562","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200006","article-title":"Relationship between white matter lesions and gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Lie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","article-title":"Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dendrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf3736","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf3736","article-title":"Common genetic variation influencing human white matter microstructure","volume":"372","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.278.16.1349","article-title":"Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"278","author":"Farrer","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.1634","article-title":"Association of APOE genotypes and chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"79","author":"Atherton","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9372050","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9372050","article-title":"Multiple factors involved in the pathogenesis of white matter lesions","volume":"2017","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13863","article-title":"Genetic disorders with central nervous system white matter abnormalities","volume":"99","author":"Shukla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Genet."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12642","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities and longitudinal cognitive decline in cognitively normal populations and across diagnostic categories: a meta-analysis, systematic review, and recommendations for future study harmonization","author":"Roseborough","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.004","article-title":"Declines in inflammation predict greater white matter microstructure in older adults","volume":"36","author":"Bettcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0070-3","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions to prevent cogntiive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"14","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e944","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200774","article-title":"Association of healthy lifestyles with risk of Alzheimer disease and related dementias in low-income black and white Americans","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/88.3.585","article-title":"Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man","volume":"294","author":"Geschwind","year":"1965","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00221.2016","article-title":"White matter and cognition: making the connection","volume":"116","author":"Filley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139548878","volume-title":"White Matter Dementia","author":"Filley","year":"2016"},{"key":"B122","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience","author":"Cummings","year":"2003"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.07.001","article-title":"Beyond cortical localization in clinico-anatomical correlation","volume":"48","author":"Catani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.03.005","article-title":"The original social network: white matter and social cognition","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2018784118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018784118","article-title":"Cognitive impairment after focal brain lesions is more predicted by damage to structural than functional network hubs","volume":"118","author":"Reber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1043583\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T05:03:48Z","timestamp":1669007028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1043583\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.1043583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1043583","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"article-number":"1043583"}}