{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T02:25:52Z","timestamp":1768875952639,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post-thrombectomy intracranial hemorrhages (PTIH) are dangerous complications of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) following mechanical thrombectomy. We aimed to investigate if S100b levels in AIS clots removed by mechanical thrombectomy correlated to increased risk of PTIH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed 122 thrombi from 80 AIS patients in the RESTORE Registry of AIS clots, selecting an equal number of patients having been pre-treated or not with rtPA (40 each group). Within each subgroup, 20 patients had developed PTIH and 20 patients showed no signs of hemorrhage. Gross photos of each clot were taken and extracted clot area (ECA) was measured using ImageJ. Immunohistochemistry for S100b was performed and Orbit Image Analysis was used for quantification. Immunofluorescence was performed to investigate co-localization between S100b and T-lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages. Chi-square or Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PTIH was associated with higher S100b levels in clots (0.33 [0.08\u20130.85] vs. 0.07 [0.02\u20130.27] mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, H1 = 6.021, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>), but S100b levels were not significantly affected by acute thrombolytic treatment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.386). PTIH was also associated with patients having higher NIHSS at admission (20.0 [17.0\u201323.0] vs. 14.0 [10.5\u201319.0], H1 = 8.006, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.005) and higher number of passes during thrombectomy (2 [1\u20134] vs. 1 [1\u20132.5], H1 = 5.995, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>). S100b co-localized with neutrophils, macrophages and with T-lymphocytes in the clots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher S100b expression in AIS clots, higher NIHSS at admission and higher number of passes during thrombectomy are all associated with PTIH. Further investigation of S100b expression in AIS clots by neutrophils, macrophages and T-lymphocytes could provide insight into the role of S100b in thromboinflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1067215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T06:57:35Z","timestamp":1674457055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["S100b in acute ischemic stroke clots is a biomarker for post-thrombectomy intracranial hemorrhages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara 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