{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T18:48:07Z","timestamp":1793472487216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be classified as either early MCI (EMCI) or late MCI (LMCI) according to the severity of memory impairment. The aim of this study was to compare the prognosis and clinical course between EMCI and LMCI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between January 2009 and December 2017, a total of 418 patients with MCI and 146 subjects with normal cognition were recruited from a memory clinic. All the patients received at least two series of neuropsychological evaluations each year and were categorized as either EMCI or LMCI according to Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 (ADNI2) criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, our study included 161 patients with EMCI, 258 with LMCI, and 146 subjects with normal cognition as controls (NCs). The mean follow-up duration was 3.55 \u00b1 2.18 years (range: 1\u20139). In a first-year follow-up assessment, 54 cases (32.8%) of EMCI and 16 (5%) of LMCI showed a normal cognitive status. There was no significant difference between the first year EMCI reverter and NCs in terms of dementia-free survival and further cognitive decline. However, first-year LMCI reverters still had a higher risk of cognitive decline during the following evaluations. Until the last follow-up, annual dementia conversion rates were 1.74, 4.33, and 18.6% in the NC, EMCI, and LMCI groups, respectively. The EMCI and LMCI groups showed a higher rate of progression to dementia (log-rank test, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) than normal subjects. Compared with NCs, patients in the LMCI group showed a significantly faster annual decline in global cognition [annual rate of change for the mini-mental status examination (MMSE) score: \u22121.035, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001]) and all cognitive domains, while those in the EMCI group showed a faster rate of decline in global cognitive function (annual rate of change for the MMSE score: \u22120.299, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is important to arrange follow-up visits for patients with MCI, even in the EMCI stage. One-year short-term follow-up may provide clues about the progression of cognitive function and help to identify relatively low-risk EMCI subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.685636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T08:22:12Z","timestamp":1652689332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Clinical Course of Early and Late Mild Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Szu-Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Cheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","article-title":"Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"58","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610204000092","article-title":"Is MCI really just early dementia? a systematic review of conversion studies","volume":"16","author":"Bruscoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int psychogeriatr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009323","article-title":"Research criteria for the diagnosis of prodromal dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"94","author":"McKeith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.03.006","article-title":"Clinical core of the alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: progress and plans","volume":"6","author":"Aisen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000143","article-title":"Default mode network functional connectivity in early and late mild cognitive impairment: results from the alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.018","article-title":"MRI-based brain atrophy rates in ADNI phase 2: acceleration and enrichment considerations for clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Hua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.11.001","article-title":"2014 Update of the alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: a review of papers published since its inception","volume":"11","author":"Weiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.09.017","article-title":"AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment","volume":"10","author":"Jessen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.12.009","article-title":"Early versus late MCI: improved MCI staging using a neuropsychological approach","volume":"15","author":"Edmonds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.31","article-title":"Cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"68","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.198","article-title":"Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons","volume":"59","author":"Bennett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142910","article-title":"Patterns of cognitive decline prior to dementia in persons with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"47","author":"Cloutier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.053561","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in different functional domains and incident Alzheimer's disease","volume":"76","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150563","article-title":"Empirically defining trajectories of late-life cognitive and functional decline","volume":"50","author":"Hochstetler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000292204.52313.f3","volume":"107","author":"Greenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428104263672","article-title":"Using generalized estimating equations for longitudinal data analysis","volume":"7","author":"Ballinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709991184","article-title":"Validating the Chinese version of the verbal learning test for screening Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000090568.34810.47","article-title":"Focal right inferotemporal atrophy in AD with disproportionate visual constructive impairment","volume":"61","author":"Boxer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704101069","article-title":"Confrontation naming in Chinese patients with left, right or bilateral brain damage","volume":"10","author":"Cheung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/00146965-200312000-00002","article-title":"Distinctive neuropsychological patterns in frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer disease","volume":"16","author":"Kramer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540210082016","article-title":"Performance on a dementia screening test in relation to demographic variables. study of 5297 community residents in Taiwan","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101941","article-title":"Prediction of fast decline in amyloid positive mild cognitive impairment patients using multimodal biomarkers","volume":"24","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520270037018","article-title":"Neuropsychological function in Alzheimer's disease: pattern of impairment and rates of progression","volume":"45","author":"Becker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.7.857","article-title":"Variability in annual mini-mental state examination score in patients with probable alzheimer disease: a clinical perspective of data from the consortium to establish a registry for alzheimer's disease","volume":"56","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.12.2457","article-title":"The consortium to establish a registry for alzheimer's disease (CERAD): part IV. rates of cognitive change in the longitudinal assessment of probable Alzheimer's disease","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnn.0000208290.57370.a3","article-title":"Patterns of verbal memory performance in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and normal aging","volume":"19","author":"Greenaway","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000336224","article-title":"Comparison of four verbal memory tests for the diagnosis and predictive value of mild cognitive impairment","volume":"2","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw082","article-title":"The disconnected brain and executive function decline in aging","volume":"27","author":"Fjell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.14.1.102","article-title":"Effects of aging on efficiency of task switching in a variant of the trail making test","volume":"14","author":"Salthouse","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9161-8","article-title":"Longitudinal change in neuropsychological performance using latent growth models: a study of mild cognitive impairment","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2006.06.012","article-title":"Using verbal fluency to detect very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"21","author":"Gomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15294","article-title":"Semantic and phonemic verbal fluency discrepancy in mild cognitive impairment: potential predictor of progression to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"66","author":"Vaughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00772","article-title":"What do verbal fluency tasks measure? Predictors of verbal fluency performance in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000082662","article-title":"Predictive accuracy of MCI subtypes for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a 2-year follow-up study","volume":"19","author":"Rasquin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.8.916","article-title":"Neuropsychological prediction of conversion to alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"63","author":"Tabert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000200465","article-title":"Predictive value of mild cognitive impairment for dementia. The influence of case definition and age","volume":"27","author":"Baars","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1159\/000506255","article-title":"Diagnostic stability of mild cognitive impairment, and predictors of reversion to normal cognitive functioning","volume":"48","author":"Overton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e26b7","article-title":"Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal or near-normal cognition: risk factors and prognosis","volume":"79","author":"Koepsell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00055","article-title":"Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Biomarker-based prediction of progression in MCI: comparison of AD signature and hippocampal volume with spinal fluid amyloid-\u03b2 and tau","volume":"5","author":"Dickerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2699","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007609","article-title":"Alzheimer disease biomarkers may aid in the prognosis of MCI cases initially reverted to normal","volume":"92","author":"Vermunt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0301-7","article-title":"Incremental value of biomarker combinations to predict progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's dementia","volume":"9","author":"Fr\u00f6lich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50315-9","article-title":"Plasma A\u03b242 and total tau predict cognitive decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0079-7","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease: mapping the road to the clinic","volume":"14","author":"Hampel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.10.005","article-title":"Five-year biomarker progression variability for Alzheimer's disease dementia prediction: Can a complex instrumental activities of daily living marker fill in the gaps?","volume":"1","author":"Tarnanas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9361-5","article-title":"Neuropsychological measures that predict progression from mild cognitive impairment to alzheimer's type dementia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Belleville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.685636\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T08:22:15Z","timestamp":1652689335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.685636\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.685636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.685636","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"article-number":"685636"}}