{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:12:59Z","timestamp":1790766779680,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) has been reported as a visible brain anomaly in normal individuals as well in some former combat and collision sport athletes. The appearance of CSP with fenestrations and ventricular enlargement are considered associated features of the neuropathological diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The current study examined CSP anatomic features and lateral ventricle size in retired elite rugby league players and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-one retired rugby league players and 41 healthy community controls, similar in age and education, underwent structural MRI scans. CSP grade, CSP length, corpus callosum septal length, and Evans' ratio (for lateral ventricle size) were rated by two of the current study authors. All participants also self-reported concussion exposure histories, depressive symptoms, daytime sleepiness, and impulsivity. They completed a neuropsychological test battery assessing premorbid intellectual functioning, attention, processing speed, language, visuospatial skills, memory, and aspects of executive functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The two raters had high agreement for CSP grade (Cohen's \u03ba = 0.80), CSP length [intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.99], corpus callosum septal length (ICC = 0.73), the CSP\/septal ratio (ICC = 0.99), and the Evans' ratio (ICC = 0.75). Twenty-five retired players (61.0%) had an abnormal CSP compared to 17 controls [41.5%; <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03c7<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo><mml:mtext>\u00a0<\/mml:mtext><mml:mn>82<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 3.12, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.08, odds ratio = 2.21]. The CSP\/septal ratio was larger for retired players than for the controls. The Evans' ratio did not differ between the two groups. In the retired rugby league players (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 41), those with normal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 16) and abnormal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 25) CSP grades did not differ across age, age of first exposure to collision sport, years of sport exposure, concussion history, or 23 clinical and cognitive variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study revealed a difference in the size of the CSP between retired professional rugby league players and controls. There was no significant difference in the size of the ventricles between the two groups. There were no significant differences between those with vs. without an abnormal CSP on age of first exposure to rugby league, years of exposure to repetitive neurotrauma, number of lifetime concussions, depression, impulsivity, perceived cognitive decline, or on any neuropsychological test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.817709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T06:18:33Z","timestamp":1649225913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Examining for Cavum Septum Pellucidum and Ventricular Enlargement in Retired Elite-Level Rugby League Players"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Stanwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant L.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Van Patten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolph J.","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"McCrory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901320103","article-title":"Development of the corpus callosum and cavum septi in man","volume":"132","author":"Rakic","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389801300305","article-title":"Cavum septi pellucidi and cavum vergae in normal and developmentally delayed populations","volume":"13","author":"Bodensteiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Child Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389200700106","article-title":"The cavum septi pellucidi in term and preterm newborn infants","volume":"7","author":"Mott","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Child Neurol."},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Cavum Septum Pellucidum","author":"Das","year":""},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5939","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum in the general pediatric population and its relation to surrounding brain structure volumes, cognitive function, and emotional or behavioral problems","volume":"40","author":"Dremmen","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.10.001","article-title":"Meta-analyses of cavum septum pellucidum in mood disorders in comparison with healthy controls or schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Beraldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00442.x","article-title":"The occurrence of cavum septi pellucidi enlargement is increased in bipolar disorder patients","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.18030060","article-title":"The prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum in mental disorders revealed by MRI: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.03.012","article-title":"Twin studies of posttraumatic stress disorder: differentiating vulnerability factors from sequelae","volume":"62","author":"Kremen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02708-5","article-title":"Changes of brain anatomy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"58","author":"Myslobodsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv097","article-title":"Midline brain abnormalities across psychotic and mood disorders","volume":"42","author":"Landin-Romero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.09.016","article-title":"Are cavum septum pellucidum abnormalities more common in schizophrenia spectrum disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Trzesniak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1212\/NXG.0000000000000370","article-title":"CNS manifestations in patients with telomere biology disorders","volume":"5","author":"Bhala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Genet."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1952.02320170043006","article-title":"Incidence of caveum septi pellucidi and cavum vergae in 1,032 human brains","volume":"67","author":"Schwidde","year":"1952","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.7.991","article-title":"Incidence of cavum septum pellucidum in adults: a sign of boxer's encephalopathy","volume":"39","author":"Bogdanoff","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-017-1935-7","article-title":"Visualization of the cavum septi pellucidi, cavum Vergae, and cavum veli interpositi using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"40","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0496-z","article-title":"The septum pellucidum and its variants. An MRI study","volume":"254","author":"Born","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5314.1205","article-title":"Five boxers","volume":"2","author":"Spillane","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851660050P203","article-title":"Pneumoencephalographic changes in boxers","volume":"5","author":"Isherwood","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Radiol Diagnosis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)90498-7","article-title":"Neurological disease in boxers","volume":"2","author":"Mawdsley","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700049588","article-title":"The aftermath of boxing","volume":"3","author":"Corsellis","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1095326","article-title":"Brains of boxers","volume":"11","author":"Payne","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neurochir."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1159\/000138743","article-title":"Diagnosis of chronic cerebral symptoms in boxers (dementia pugilistica & traumatic encephalopathy of boxers)","volume":"134","author":"Grahmann","year":"1957","journal-title":"Psychiatr Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carj.2009.09.002","article-title":"Cavum septi pellucidi in boxers","volume":"61","author":"Aviv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"134","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in boxers with repeated traumatic brain injury","volume":"47","author":"Muravskiy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol Merkur Lek organ Pol Tow Lek organ Pol Tow Lek."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2861","article-title":"Association of cavum septum pellucidum and cavum vergae with cognition, mood, and brain volumes in professional fighters","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116674006","article-title":"Interrelationships among neuroimaging biomarkers, neuropsychological test data, and symptom reporting in a cohort of retired national football league players","volume":"9","author":"Kuhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Health."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3805","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum in retired American pro-football players","volume":"33","author":"Gardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3880","article-title":"Cavum septi pellucidi in symptomatic former professional football players","volume":"33","author":"Koerte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2010.11868519","article-title":"Video analysis of tackles in professional rugby league matches by player position, tackle height and tackle location","volume":"10","author":"King","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Perform Anal Sport."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-017-0097-9","article-title":"Evidence of concussion signs in national rugby league match play: a video review and validation study","volume":"3","author":"Gardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport Med Open."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0182-3","article-title":"Verifying head impacts recorded by a wearable sensor using video footage in rugby league: a preliminary study","volume":"5","author":"Carey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport Med Open."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00353-3","article-title":"Video analysis and verification of direct head impacts recorded by wearable sensors in junior rugby league players","volume":"7","author":"Carey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sport Med Open."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00377-9","article-title":"A case-control study of tackle-based risk factors in the NRL","volume":"7","author":"Gardner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sport Med Open."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0233-3","article-title":"A systematic review of concussion in rugby league","volume":"49","author":"Gardner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.005","article-title":"Cortical thickness and subcortical brain volumes in professional rugby league players","volume":"18","author":"Wojtowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-120843","article-title":"MR Spectroscopy Findings in Retired Professional Rugby League Players","volume":"38","author":"Gardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6886","article-title":"White matter abnormalities in retired professional rugby league players","volume":"38","author":"Wright","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6782","article-title":"Functional connectivity changes in retired rugby league players: a data-driven functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"9","author":"Guell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.07.013","article-title":"The Evans' Index revisited: new cut-off levels for use in radiological assessment of ventricular enlargement in the elderly","volume":"95","author":"Brix","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092313","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012","volume":"47","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.09.001","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia: clinical and neuropsychological correlates","volume":"154","author":"Flashman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00184-6","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in non-acute post-traumatic ventriculomegaly","volume":"17","author":"Lalou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1942.02290060069004","article-title":"An encephalographic ratio for estimating ventricular enlargement and cerebral atrophy","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"1942","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11860","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7644","article-title":"In normal aging ventricular system never attains pathologicalvalues of Evans' index","volume":"7","author":"Missori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.154777","article-title":"Simple and reproducible linear measurements to determine ventricular enlargement in adults","volume":"6","author":"Reinard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988707311558","article-title":"Self-reports on the IQCODE in older adults: a psychometric evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Jansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"Advanced Clinical Solutions for WAIS-IV","year":"2009"},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"Handbook of Normative Data for Neuropsychological Assessment.","author":"Mitrushina","year":"2005"},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"L \u2018examen Clinique En Psychologie [Clinical Tests in Psychology]","author":"Rey","year":""},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial: Professional Manual","author":"Meyers","year":"1995"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","article-title":"Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage","volume":"8","author":"Reitan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills."},{"key":"B56","volume-title":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination.","author":"Benton","year":""},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/t06065-000","volume-title":"Stroop Color and Word Test: A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses","author":"Golden","year":""},{"key":"B58","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","author":"Wechsler","year":"2008"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4035","article-title":"Chronic effects of boxing: diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive findings","volume":"33","author":"Wilde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Med."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"835","article-title":"Abnormalities of the septum pellucidum on MR scans in first-episode schizophrenic patients","volume":"13","author":"Degreef","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028403","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia, affective disorder and healthy controls: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"23","author":"Jurjus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(93)90030-L","article-title":"Increased prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"DeLisi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700034838","article-title":"Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum detected by MRI in patients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Shioiri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00209-0","article-title":"Cavum septi pellucidi in normals and patients with schizophrenia as detected by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"41","author":"Nopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B67","first-page":"467","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia","volume":"43","author":"Fukuzako","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.4.509","article-title":"MRI study of cavum septi pellucidi in schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder","volume":"155","author":"Kwon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.11.031","article-title":"No difference in the prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) between first-episode schizophrenia patients, offspring of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls","volume":"103","author":"Rajarethinam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900017478","article-title":"Cavum septi pellucidi in first-episode patients and young relatives at risk for schizophrenia","volume":"7","author":"Keshavan","year":"2002","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.16.1.41","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum and its increased prevalence in schizophrenia: a neuroembryological classification","volume":"16","author":"Galarza","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2004000300013","article-title":"The size and prevalence of the cavum septum pellucidum are normal in subjects with panic disorder","volume":"37","author":"Crippa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brazilian J Med Biol Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.12.010","article-title":"Cavum septi pellucidi in first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective psychosis: an MRI study","volume":"71","author":"Kasai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.09.010","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum and adhesio interthalamica in schizophrenia: an MRI study","volume":"21","author":"de Souza Crippa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2006.11.005","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum in patients with first episode psychosis and individuals at high risk of psychosis","volume":"22","author":"Borgwardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.04.019","article-title":"Prevalence of large cavum septi pellucidi and its relation to the medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia spectrum","volume":"31","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.06.021","article-title":"Prevalence of large cavum septi pellucidi in ultra high-risk individuals and patients with psychotic disorders","volume":"105","author":"Takahashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.05.020","article-title":"Midline brain structures in patients with current and remitted major depression","volume":"33","author":"Takahashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0081-6","article-title":"MRI study of the cavum septum pellucidum in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"260","author":"Chon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.09.003","article-title":"Midline brain abnormalities in established bipolar affective disorder","volume":"122","author":"Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078590","article-title":"Enlarged cavum septum pellucidum as a neurodevelopmental marker in adolescent-onset opiate dependence","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.123844","article-title":"Cavum septum pellucidum and psychopathy","volume":"203","author":"Toivonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5175","article-title":"Prevalence of traumatic findings on routine MRI in a large cohort of professional fighters","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727089","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.727089","article-title":"Age of first exposure to contact and collision sports and later in life brain health: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Iverson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13226","article-title":"Estimated ventricle size using Evans index: reference values from a population-based sample","volume":"24","author":"Jaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.7.989","article-title":"A longitudinal study of brain volume changes in normal aging using serial registered magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"60","author":"Scahill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3182163b62","article-title":"Hippocampal atrophy and ventricular enlargement in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer disease","volume":"26","author":"Apostolova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.4.438","article-title":"Differential rates of regional brain change in callosal and ventricular size: a 4-year longitudinal MRI study of elderly men","volume":"12","author":"Sullivan E","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.5.464","article-title":"One-year age changes in MRI brain volumes in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Resnick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12395","article-title":"Biochemical and neuroimaging studies in subjective cognitive decline: progress and perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.909188","article-title":"Correlation of brain perfusion with white matter hyperintensity, brain atrophy, and cognition in patients with posterior cerebral artery stenosis and subjective cognitive decline","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Med J Exp Clin Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111216","article-title":"Structural imaging outcomes in subjective cognitive decline: community vs. clinical-based samples","volume":"145","author":"Pini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102923","article-title":"Regional brain atrophy and cognitive decline depend on definition of subjective cognitive decline","volume":"33","author":"Morrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.817709\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T13:50:29Z","timestamp":1649857829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.817709\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.817709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.817709","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"article-number":"817709"}}