{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:43:10Z","timestamp":1790959390372,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) contributes to the increased risk of stroke and dementia. Accumulating evidence indicates that structural brain abnormalities, such as cerebral small vessel disease, including white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, perivascular spaces, and cerebral microbleeds, as well as brain atrophy, are common in patients with CKD. All of these imaging findings have been implicated in the development of stroke and dementia. The brain and kidney exhibit similar impairments and promote structural brain abnormalities due to shared vascular risk factors and similar anatomical and physiological susceptibility to vascular injury in patients with CKD. This indicates that kidney function has a significant effect on brain aging. However, as most results are derived from cross-sectional observational studies, the exact pathophysiology of structural brain abnormalities in CKD remains unclear. The early detection of structural brain abnormalities in CKD in the asymptomatic or subclinical phase (covert) should enable stroke risk prediction and guide clinicians on more targeted interventions to prevent stroke in patients with CKD. This article summarizes the currently available clinical evidence linking covert vascular brain injuries with CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.824503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T10:17:17Z","timestamp":1658744237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Covert vascular brain injury in chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kaori","family":"Miwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Bikbov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70026-2","article-title":"Stroke and cerebrovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Toyoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c4249","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4249","article-title":"Low glomerular filtration rate and risk of stroke: meta-analysis","volume":"341","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022011","article-title":"Association of kidney function with 30-day and 1-year post-stroke mortality and hospital readmission","volume":"49","author":"El Husseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.029","article-title":"Renal function is associated with 1-month and 1-year mortality in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"269","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1159\/000247602","article-title":"Indices of kidney dysfunction and discharge outcomes in hospitalized stroke patients without known renal disease","volume":"28","author":"Ovbiagele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"679","article-title":"Arteriolar sclerosis in hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals","volume":"13","author":"Moritz","year":"1937","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000168052.00426.65","article-title":"Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy","volume":"46","author":"O'Rourke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000368940","article-title":"Update on inflammation in chronic kidney disease","volume":"39","author":"Akchurin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-016-0499-x","article-title":"The cerebrovascular-chronic kidney disease connection: perspectives and mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1248","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005259","article-title":"Arterial stiffness and dementia pathology: atherosclerosis risk in communities (aric)-pet study","volume":"90","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0635-5","article-title":"Shared proteomic effects of cerebral atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease on the human brain","volume":"23","author":"Wingo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3122","article-title":"Clinical significance of magnetic resonance imaging markers of vascular brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Debette","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. 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