{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:10:44Z","timestamp":1789150244926,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003411","name":"Gangneung Asan Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique that has been widely studied as an alternative treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its clinical benefit remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of tDCS on the central cholinergic system and cortical excitability in mainly akinetic rigid-type patients with PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 18 patients with PD were prospectively enrolled and underwent 5 sessions of anodal tDCS on the M1 area, which is on the contralateral side of the dominant hand. We excluded patients with PD who had evident resting tremor of the hand to reduce the artifact of electrophysiologic findings. We compared clinical scales reflecting motor, cognitive, and mood symptoms between pre- and post-tDCS. Additionally, we investigated the changes in electrophysiologic parameters, such as short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) (%), which reflects the central cholinergic system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part 3 (UPDRS-III), the Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were significantly improved after anodal tDCS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Moreover, motor evoked potential amplitude ratio (MEPAR) (%) and integrated SAI showed significant improvement after tDCS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). The mean values of the change in integrated SAI (%) were significantly correlated with the changes in UPDRS-III scores; however, the MoCA-K and BDI scores did not show differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anodal tDCS could influence the central cholinergic system, such as frontal cortical excitability and depression in PD. This mechanism could underlie the clinical benefit of tDCS in patients with PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.830976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:39:10Z","timestamp":1648514350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Could Modulate Cortical Excitability and the Central Cholinergic System in Akinetic Rigid-Type Parkinson's Disease: Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eungseok","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinse","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyoung","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wooyoung","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct1208070","article-title":"Deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease","volume":"367","author":"Okun","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9080388","article-title":"A stage-based approach to therapy in Parkinson's disease","volume":"9","author":"Carrarini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of parkinson disease: a review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.62","article-title":"Non-motor features of Parkinson disease","volume":"18","author":"Schapira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0145-9","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease","volume":"15","author":"Limousin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"128","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06090.x","article-title":"Premotor transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects primary motor excitability in humans","volume":"27","author":"Boros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.08.029","article-title":"Does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhance excitability of the motor cortex and motor function in healthy individuals and subjects with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Bastani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00309","article-title":"Effects of more-affected vs. less-affected motor cortex tDCS in Parkinson's disease","volume":"11","author":"Cosentino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.01.10","article-title":"Modulation of electrophysiology by transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14087","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14087","article-title":"Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on motor evoked potentials variability in humans","volume":"7","author":"Bashir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa051","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders","volume":"24","author":"Fregni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.202556","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease","volume":"81","author":"Benninger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.911411","article-title":"Sleep quality, depression, and quality of life after bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Hadoush","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit Basic Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00231","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the frontal polar area on motor and executive functions in Parkinson's disease; a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Ishikuro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00701-6","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with physical or cognitive training in people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Beretta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02255-2","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation over the primary motor cortex in PD-MCI patients: a crossover, randomized, sham-controlled study","volume":"127","author":"Monastero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00245-2","article-title":"The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on gait in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Pol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040467","article-title":"Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation as a potential treatment of Parkinson's disease-related fatigue","volume":"11","author":"Zaehle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104491","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in mice through modulating mitochondrial dynamics","volume":"129","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1800-2","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortex on corticospinal and transcallosal excitability","volume":"156","author":"Lang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00110","article-title":"Neurobiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation: a review","volume":"3","author":"Medeiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000510","article-title":"Physiology of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Stagg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J ect."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00495","article-title":"Electrophysiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on neural activity in the rat motor cortex","volume":"14","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.007","article-title":"Increased short latency afferent inhibition after anodal transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"498","author":"Scelzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33515-7","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation prevents methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity by modulating autophagy in an in vivo mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00503.x","article-title":"Short latency inhibition of human hand motor cortex by somatosensory input from the hand","volume":"523","author":"Tokimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg183","article-title":"Short and long latency afferent inhibition in Parkinson's disease","volume":"126","author":"Sailer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0551-1","article-title":"Motor cortex inhibitory circuits in dementia with Lewy bodies and in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"113","author":"Nardone","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0129-1","article-title":"Abnormal short latency afferent inhibition in early Alzheimer's disease: a transcranial magnetic demonstration","volume":"115","author":"Nardone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp166","article-title":"Functional involvement of central cholinergic circuits and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease","volume":"132","author":"Manganelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25040","article-title":"Short latency afferent inhibition in Parkinson's disease patients with dementia","volume":"27","author":"Celebi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws207","article-title":"Cholinergic dysfunction contributes to gait disturbance in early Parkinson's disease","volume":"135","author":"Rochester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0888-6","article-title":"Functional evaluation of central cholinergic circuits in patients with Parkinson's disease and REM sleep behavior disorder: a TMS study","volume":"120","author":"Nardone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-015-1427-z","article-title":"Central cholinergic dysfunction could be associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia in early Parkinson's disease","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.03.011","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease is associated with short latency afferent inhibition reflecting central cholinergic dysfunction","volume":"128","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000402","article-title":"Effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation to primary somatosensory cortex on short-latency afferent inhibition","volume":"26","author":"Kojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.09.023","article-title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex ameliorates chronic pain and reduces short intracortical inhibition","volume":"39","author":"Antal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.076","article-title":"Excitability modulation of the motor system induced by transcranial direct current stimulation: a multimodal approach","volume":"83","author":"Pellicciari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1106-9","article-title":"Direct demonstration of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the excitability of the human motor cortex","volume":"144","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.092155","article-title":"Dissociated effects of diazepam and lorazepam on short-latency afferent inhibition","volume":"569","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000543","article-title":"Muscarinic receptor blockade has differential effects on the excitability of intracortical circuits in the human motor cortex","volume":"135","author":"Di Lazzaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14442","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4104-07.2007","article-title":"Focusing effect of acetylcholine on neuroplasticity in the human motor cortex","volume":"27","author":"Kuo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01100-8","article-title":"Neuromodulation of prefrontal cortex cognitive function in primates: the powerful roles of monoamines and acetylcholine","volume":"47","author":"Cools","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902300116","article-title":"Understanding Parkinson's disease and deep brain stimulation: role of monkey models","volume":"116","author":"Vitek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.05.015","article-title":"Combining reward and M1 transcranial direct current stimulation enhances the retention of newly learnt sensorimotor mappings","volume":"12","author":"Spampinato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233903","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct-current stimulation on cognitive function in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631838","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.631838","article-title":"Neurobiological mechanisms of transcranial direct current stimulation for psychiatric disorders; neurophysiological, chemical, and anatomical considerations","volume":"15","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0443-4","article-title":"Endogenous dopamine release under transcranial direct-current stimulation governs enhanced attention: a study with positron emission tomography","volume":"9","author":"Fukai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105159","article-title":"Primary motor cortex in Parkinson's disease: functional changes and opportunities for neurostimulation","volume":"147","author":"Underwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.12.048","article-title":"The cholinergic system and Parkinson disease","volume":"221","author":"Bohnen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"129","article-title":"Striatal mechanisms and pathogenesis of parkinsonian signs and motor complications","volume":"47","author":"Chase","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0377-9","article-title":"Cholinergic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"13","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16001","DOI":"10.1038\/npjparkd.2016.1","article-title":"Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission and their clinical correlates in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2","author":"Perez-Lloret","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.034","article-title":"Striatal cholinergic interneurons control motor behavior and basal ganglia function in experimental Parkinsonism","volume":"13","author":"Maurice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9161","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0873-16.2016","article-title":"Involvement of striatal cholinergic interneurons and M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors in motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease","volume":"36","author":"Ztaou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42642","article-title":"Cholinergic mesencephalic neurons are involved in gait and postural disorders in Parkinson disease","volume":"120","author":"Karachi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-015-0044-5","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic stimulation of cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons reverses motor deficits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Pienaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171166","article-title":"Amyloid-mediated cholinergic dysfunction in motor impairment related to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"64","author":"Schirinzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00104","article-title":"Attentional control of gait and falls: is cholinergic dysfunction a common substrate in the elderly and Parkinson's disease?","volume":"8","author":"Pelosin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13588","article-title":"Real-time activation of central cholinergic circuits during recognition memory","volume":"45","author":"Bonn\u00ec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosc."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01379","article-title":"The pharmacology of visual hallucinations in synucleinopathies","volume":"10","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-5764-2016dn1004005","article-title":"Gait, posture and cognition in Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Barbosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25897","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of freezing of gait: a cross-over study","volume":"29","author":"Valentino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0562-4","article-title":"Does transcranial direct current stimulation improve functional locomotion in people with Parkinson's disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158497","article-title":"transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance dual-task gait training in parkinson's disease: a pilot RCT","volume":"11","author":"Schabrun","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27300","article-title":"Multitarget transcranial direct current stimulation for freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease","volume":"33","author":"Dagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8953-1","article-title":"The effects of anodal tDCS over the supplementary motor area on gait initiation in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait: a pilot study","volume":"265","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00254","article-title":"Homotaurine induces measurable changes of short latency afferent inhibition in a group of mild cognitive impairment individuals","volume":"6","author":"Martorana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00613.2013","article-title":"Effects of short-latency afferent inhibition on short-interval intracortical inhibition","volume":"111","author":"Udupa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09277.x","article-title":"Basal forebrain afferent projections modulating cortical acetylcholine, attention, and implications for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"877","author":"Sarter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00142.x","article-title":"Acetylcholine-dopamine interactions in the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders","volume":"16","author":"Lester","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20684","article-title":"Dopamine D5 receptor localization on cholinergic neurons of the rat forebrain and diencephalon: a potential neuroanatomical substrate involved in mediating dopaminergic influences on acetylcholine release","volume":"492","author":"Berlanga","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.830976\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:39:16Z","timestamp":1648514356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.830976\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.830976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.830976","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"article-number":"830976"}}