{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:02:57Z","timestamp":1791511377917,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the latest operational 2017 ILAE classification of epileptic seizures, the generalized epileptic seizure is still conceptualized as \u201coriginating at some point within and rapidly engaging, bilaterally distributed networks.\u201d In contrast, the focal epileptic seizure is defined as \u201c<jats:italic>originating within networks limited to one hemisphere<\/jats:italic>.\u201d Hence, one of the main concepts of \u201cgeneralized\u201d and \u201cfocal\u201d epilepsy comes from EEG descriptions before the era of source localization, and a presumed simultaneous bilateral onset and bi-synchrony of epileptiform discharges remains a hallmark for generalized seizures. Current literature on the pathophysiology of generalized epilepsy supports the concept of a cortical epileptogenic focus triggering rapidly generalized epileptic discharges involving intact corticothalamic and corticocortical networks, known as the <jats:italic>cortical focus theory<\/jats:italic>. Likewise, focal epilepsy with rich connectivity can give rise to generalized spike and wave discharges resulting from widespread bilateral synchronization. Therefore, making this key distinction between generalized and focal epilepsy may be challenging in some cases, and for the first time, a combined generalized and focal epilepsy is categorized in the 2017 ILAE classification. Nevertheless, treatment options, such as the choice of antiseizure medications or surgical treatment, are the reason behind the importance of accurate epilepsy classification. Over the past several decades, plentiful scientific research on the pathophysiology of generalized epilepsy has been conducted using non\u2013invasive neuroimaging and postprocessing of the electromagnetic neural signal by measuring the spatiotemporal and interhemispheric latency of bi-synchronous or generalized epileptiform discharges as well as network analysis to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for accurate diagnosis of the two major types of epilepsy. Among all the advanced techniques, magnetoencephalography (MEG) and multiple other methods provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution, inherently suited to analyzing and visualizing the propagation of generalized EEG activities. This article aims to provide a comprehensive literature review of recent innovations in MEG methodology using source localization and network analysis techniques that contributed to the literature of idiopathic generalized epilepsy in terms of pathophysiology and clinical prognosis, thus further blurring the boundary between focal and generalized epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.831546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T07:30:30Z","timestamp":1651044630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Contributions of Magnetoencephalography to Understanding Mechanisms of Generalized Epilepsies: Blurring the Boundary Between Focal and Generalized Epilepsies?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Thandar","family":"Aung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Tenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anto I.","family":"Bagi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6631a1","article-title":"National and state estimates of the numbers of adults and children with active epilepsy\u2014United States, 2015","volume":"66","author":"Zack","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13671","article-title":"Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types","volume":"58","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03871.x","article-title":"Clinical and Electroencephalographical Classification of Epileptic Seizures","volume":"11","author":"Gastaut","year":"1970","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4414\/sanp.2007.01887","article-title":"Generalized Seizures: from clinical phenomenology to underlying systems and networks","volume":"7","author":"Hirsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schweizer Archiv f\u00fcr Neurologie und Psychiatrie."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(52)90079-5","article-title":"The electroencephalogram in parasagittal lesions","volume":"4","author":"T\u00fckel","year":"1952","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(74)90031-5","article-title":"\u2018Generalized' epileptic seizures elicited by electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe in man","volume":"37","author":"Bancaud","year":"1974","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000266386.55715.3f","article-title":"Successful surgery for epilepsy due to early brain lesions despite generalized EEG findings","volume":"69","author":"Wyllie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-017-0555-1","article-title":"Altered effective connectivity network in childhood absence epilepsy: a multi-frequency MEG study","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.025","article-title":"Generalized 3- Hz spike-and-wave complexes emanating from focal epileptic activity in pediatric patients","volume":"20","author":"Kakisaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.16014","article-title":"Focal epileptogenic lesions in adult patients with epilepsy and generalized epileptiform discharges","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12688","article-title":"Focal abnormalities in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: A critical review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Contributions of Jean Talairach and Jean Bancaud to epilepsy surgery,3541\n            ChauvelP\n          \n            LudersU.\n          \n            ComairY. 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