{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:59:49Z","timestamp":1778504389691,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003542","name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indication of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients \u226460 years with brain ischemia is uncertain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective double-blinded study included patients with cryptogenic acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) \u226518 and \u226460 years. After routine diagnostics, all patients underwent patent foramen ovale (PFO) screening by transcranial Doppler (TCD) bubble test, carotid ultrasound for atherosclerosis screening (intima-media-thickness &amp;gt;0.90 mm or plaques), and TEE. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV) of the combined non-invasive ultrasound to predict therapy-relevant TEE findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 240 consecutive patients (median 51 years, 39% women) of which 68 (28.3%) had both a negative bubble test and no carotid atherosclerosis. Of these, 66 (97.1%) had unremarkable TEE findings; in one patient a small PFO was found and closed subsequently, in another patient a 4.9 mm thick aortic atheroma was found, and double platelet inhibition initiated. Of the other 172 (71.7%) patients, 93 (54%) had PFO and 9 (5.2%) complex aortic plaques. No other therapy-relevant findings were present in both groups. Non-invasive ultrasound had a sensitivity of 98.0%, specificity of 47.8%, NPV of 97.1%, and PPV of 58.1% for therapy-relevant TEE findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bubble test and carotid ultrasound could be used for the individual decision for\/against TEE in patients with cryptogenic stroke \u226460 years. If they are unremarkable, TEE can be omitted with high safety regarding secondary prevention. If bubble test is positive and\/or carotid ultrasound shows atherosclerosis, TEE should be carried out if PFO or aortic atheroma are potentially relevant for further patient management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.836609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T06:34:16Z","timestamp":1646375656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bubble Test and Carotid Ultrasound to Guide Indication of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Young Patients With Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ernst","family":"Mayerhofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Kanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Guschlbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher 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