{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:16:02Z","timestamp":1789690562962,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Concussion is a common yet heterogenous injury. Approximately 15\u201330% of cases present with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), continuing 4 weeks or more post-injury in children, youth, and adolescents, and 3 months or more in adults. There are known bidirectional links between PPCS and mental health outcomes. The focus of this scoping review is to explore the literature on mental health outcomes in individuals experiencing PPCS. Research objectives were to explore: (1) the mental health outcomes of individuals with PPCS and types of assessments used to identify mental health outcomes this group, and (2) how mental health outcomes compare in terms of similarities and differences among pediatric and adult populations with PPCS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ovid MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases were searched. After title and abstract screening of 11,920 studies, 481 articles were reviewed. Twenty-five papers met inclusion criteria. Results were organized by mental health outcomes of pediatric and adult populations, separately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a significantly higher number of studies devoted to adult populations. Of the 25 studies, 19 (76%) focused on adults, while six (24%) focused on adolescents. In adult populations, studies focused on symptoms of: anxiety (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 2), depression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 8), and anxiety and depression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 9). Two studies assessed other emotional outcomes (10.5%). Within pediatric populations, an equal number of studies explored symptoms of: anxiety (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 2), depression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 2), and anxiety and depression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 2). No studies focused on other emotional outcomes. Studies ranged greatly in methods, design, and control group. Most studies reported higher psychiatric symptoms of anxiety and\/or depression in those with PPCS compared to individuals with recovered concussion or healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review contributes to the understanding of mental health outcomes in those experiencing PPCS. Mental health and PPCS requires greater attention in pediatric populations, and consider strategies for those experiencing PPCS and mental health impacts. Future studies should consider including a wider range of emotional outcomes in their design, not limited to anxiety and depression. Study results may lead to improvements and research in the identification, assessment, and management of PPCS and mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.850590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T07:22:12Z","timestamp":1649661732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Mental Health Outcomes Across the Lifespan in Individuals With Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Sheldrake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiba","family":"Al-Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin I.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Dunkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Scratch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0575.19","article-title":"Collegiate Athletes' concussion awareness, understanding, and reporting behaviors in different countries with varying concussion publicity","volume":"56","author":"Beidler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Athl Train."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.6.3.231","article-title":"A model of current best practice for managing concussion in University Athletes: the University of Toronto approach","volume":"6","author":"Comper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Sport Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.07.017","article-title":"Epidemiology of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"Laker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Acad Phys Med Rehab."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/19.10.543","article-title":"A population-based study of Paediatric Emergency Department and Office Visits for Concussions from 2003 to 2010","volume":"19","author":"Macpherson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03581.x","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro J Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport Held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.6.4.371","article-title":"Toward a neuropsychological model of functional disability after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Kay","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/026990599121683","article-title":"Recovery from mild head injury","volume":"13","author":"Bernstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182814595","article-title":"Effects of concussion on attention and executive function in adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Howell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00155.x","article-title":"Quality of life and post-concussion symptoms in adults after mild traumatic brain injury: a population-based study in Western Sweden","volume":"108","author":"Emanuelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-1622-x","article-title":"Improving symptom burden in adults with persistent post-concussive symptoms: a randomized aerobic exercise trial protocol","volume":"20","author":"Mercier","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2492","article-title":"Factors associated with persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury in adults","volume":"51","author":"Ponsford","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.10.067","article-title":"Annual and seasonal trends in ambulatory visits for pediatric concussion in ontario between 2003 and 2013","volume":"181","author":"Zemek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700655066","article-title":"Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults","volume":"6","author":"Ponsford","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/16501960410023859","article-title":"Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO collaborating centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"257","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury and persistent symptoms","volume":"58","author":"Marshall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814543305","article-title":"Postconcussion syndrome: a review","volume":"31","author":"Barlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000613","article-title":"Persistent postconcussion symptoms: an expert consensus-based definition using the delphi method","volume":"36","author":"Lagac\u00e9-Legendre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.08.009","article-title":"Long-term consequences: effects on normal development profile after concussion","volume":"22","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2005","article-title":"Sport-related concussion in children and adolescents","volume":"126","author":"Halstead","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Acad Pediatr."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e162900","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2900","article-title":"Association of persistent post-concussion symptoms with pediatric quality of life","volume":"170","author":"Novak","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3487","article-title":"Association of concussion with the risk of suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Fralick","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00350","article-title":"Characterizing the risk of depression following mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis of the literature comparing chronic mTBI to non-mTBI populations","volume":"11","author":"Hellewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4252","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for anxiety and depressive disorders after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Scholten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.43.2.3","article-title":"Adolescent concussion and mental health outcomes: a population-based study","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.027","article-title":"Psychological factors associated with delayed symptom resolution in children with concussion","volume":"174","author":"Grubenhoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181a712aa","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury: their nature and frequency","volume":"24","author":"Whelan-Goodinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199701000-00022","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents: psychiatric disorders in the first three months","volume":"36","author":"Max","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01113","article-title":"A multidimensional approach to post-concussion symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Polinder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1630858","article-title":"Satisfaction of basic psychological needs following a mild traumatic brain injury and relationships with post-concussion symptoms, anxiety, and depression","volume":"43","author":"Auclair-Pilote","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.PEDS1850","article-title":"The role of family and personal psychiatric history in postconcussion syndrome following sport-related concussion: a story of compounding risk","volume":"22","author":"Legarreta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2013.11.001","article-title":"Neuropsychiatry of persistent symptoms after concussion","volume":"37","author":"Silver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin N Am."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0810-3","article-title":"Sport-related concussion and mental health outcomes in elite athletes: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Rice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716644953","article-title":"Knowing what we don't know: long-term psychiatric outcomes following adult concussion in sports","volume":"61","author":"Finkbeiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2020.01.001","article-title":"Sports career-related concussion and mental health symptoms in former elite athletes","volume":"67","author":"Gouttebarge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.12788\/cp.0010","article-title":"Psychiatric manifestations of sport-related concussion","volume":"19","author":"Reardon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1776396","article-title":"Mood-related changes in children and adolescents with persistent concussion symptoms following a six-week active rehabilitation program","volume":"34","author":"Hunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6692","article-title":"Treatment of persistent post-traumatic headache and post-concussion symptoms using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a pilot, double-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Stilling","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000504","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia in adolescents with persistent post-concussion symptoms","volume":"35","author":"Tomfohr-Madsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0158","article-title":"Duration and course of post-concussive symptoms","volume":"133","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1004756","article-title":"How long is too long? The lack of consensus regarding the post-concussion syndrome diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B46","unstructured":""},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.04.003","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of concussion in children and adolescents","volume":"53","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ped Neurol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu014","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of the postconcussion symptom inventory in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Sady","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512455400","article-title":"A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: baseline and postconcussion factors","volume":"40","author":"Kontos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097506SCAT5","article-title":"Sport concussion assessment tool","volume":"51","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/10474412.2019.1649598","article-title":"A qualitative inquiry of social and emotional support for students with persistent concussion symptoms","volume":"30","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ed Psychol Consult."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.00947.x","article-title":"Long-term behavioural outcomes of pre-school mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"McKinlay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000106","article-title":"Symptoms of persistent behaviour problems in children with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1253","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management","volume":"45","author":"Alexander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010351","article-title":"Symptom burden and profiles in concussed children with and without prolonged recovery","volume":"17","author":"Schilling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1283533","article-title":"Depression in youth recovering from concussion: correlates and predictors","volume":"31","author":"Stazyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1380843","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of post-concussive and depressive symptoms in adolescents with prolonged recovery from concussion","volume":"31","author":"Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.PEDS15220","article-title":"Psychiatric outcomes after pediatric sports-related concussion","volume":"16","author":"Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617719000468","article-title":"Effects of concussion in adolescent students: perceptions and performance","volume":"25","author":"Rieger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2019.09.004","article-title":"Pain catastrophizing and limiting behavior mediate the association between anxiety and postconcussion symptoms","volume":"61","author":"Greenburg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000756","article-title":"Postconcussive, posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in recently deployed U","volume":"31","author":"Agtarap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000106","article-title":"Exploring the unique challenges faced by female university athletes experiencing prolonged concussion symptoms","volume":"6","author":"Andr-Morin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport Exerc Perform Psychol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181e4622a","article-title":"Depression strongly influences postconcussion symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00045","article-title":"Chronic post-concussion neurocognitive deficits. II. Relationship with persistent symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Maruta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500110264","article-title":"Factors related to recovery after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Mooney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025462","article-title":"Deployment-related TBI, persistent postconcussive symptoms, PTSD, and depression in OEF\/OIF veterans","volume":"6","author":"Morissette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.44.1.31","article-title":"The clinical significance of major depression following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"44","author":"Rapoport","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3339","article-title":"A prospective biopsychosocial study of the persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Waljas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1182","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a mixed methods study","volume":"45","author":"Ahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.713984","article-title":"Incidence of postconcussion symptoms in psychiatric diagnostic groups, mild traumatic brain injury, and comorbid conditions","volume":"26","author":"Donnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7313","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and quality of life: a long-term follow-up study of patients with persisting concussion symptoms","volume":"38","author":"Doroszkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2019.1664421","article-title":"The role of mood, post-traumatic stress, post-concussive symptoms and coping on outcome after MTBI in elderly patients","volume":"32","author":"Eman Abdulle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu060","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging findings and postconcussion symptom reporting six weeks following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050110065286","article-title":"The association between mild traumatic brain injury and psychiatric conditions","volume":"15","author":"Mooney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020884","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020884","article-title":"Emotional reserve and prolonged post-concussive symptoms and disability: a Swedish prospective 1-year mild traumatic brain injury cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X683161","article-title":"Persistent problems one year after mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal population study in New Zealand","volume":"66","author":"Theadom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000203577.68764.b8","article-title":"The association between the postconcussion symptoms and clinical outcomes for patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"B78","volume-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y).","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000573","article-title":"Sport-related concussion clinical profiles: clinical characteristics, targeted treatments, and preliminary evidence","volume":"18","author":"Kontos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep."},{"key":"B80","article-title":"Children's depression inventory (CDI and CDI 2)","volume-title":"The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology.","author":"Kovacs","year":"2014"},{"key":"B81","volume-title":"Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method, and Research","author":"Smith","year":"2009"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.95.3f.1241-1247","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the British Columbia major depression inventory","volume":"95","author":"Iverson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Rep."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700021644","article-title":"A scaled version of the general health questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Goldberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B85","volume-title":"Manual for the Depression and Anxiety Stress Scales, 2nd Edn","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","article-title":"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties","volume":"56","author":"Beck","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psych."},{"key":"B87","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I Disorders: SCID-I\/P, Version 2.0","author":"First","year":"1997"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002334","article-title":"Composite international diagnostic interview screening scales for DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders","volume":"43","author":"Kessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1303_4","article-title":"Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: reliablility and normative data for the post-concussion scale","volume":"13","author":"Lovell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Internal Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79948-3_1524","article-title":"Behavior assessment system for children (BASC)","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology","author":"Reynolds","year":"2011"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9958-8","article-title":"Neuro-QoL: quality of life item banks for adults with neurological disorders: item development and calibrations based upon clinical and general population testing","volume":"21","author":"Gershon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Life Res."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B94","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"B95","first-page":"399","article-title":"The impact of event scale - revised","volume-title":"Assessing Psychological Trauma PTSD","author":"Weiss","year":"1996"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868811","article-title":"The rivermead post concussion symptoms questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability","volume":"242","author":"King","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.6.0939","article-title":"Assessing disability after head injury: improved use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale","volume":"89","author":"Pettigrew","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89545-1_2","article-title":"Definition and classification of concussion","volume-title":"Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes","author":"Bodin","year":"2012"},{"key":"B99","unstructured":"1996"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050801888824","article-title":"Prevalence of traumatic brain injury among children, adolescents and young adults: evidence from a birth cohort","volume":"22","author":"McKinlay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00356.x","article-title":"Traumatic head injury in infants and toddlers","volume":"96","author":"Myhre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2059700217726874","article-title":"Post-concussion recovery in children and adolescents: a narrative review","volume":"1","author":"Manzanero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Concussion."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116S00200","article-title":"The rise of concussions in the adolescent population","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-012-0019-0","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury among the geriatric population","volume":"1","author":"Papa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Trans Geriatr Experl Gerontol Rep."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00894.x","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in older adults: epidemiology, outcomes, and future implications","volume":"54","author":"Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.04.001","article-title":"Challenges in assessment of the mild traumatic brain injured geriatric patient","volume":"47","author":"Mercier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Care Injured."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-020-00329-3","article-title":"Geriatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)","volume":"9","author":"McCulloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Geriatr Rep."},{"key":"B108","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Irritability and aggression in persistent youth concussions","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.01.054","article-title":"Health status, not head injury, predicts concussion symptoms after minor injury","volume":"27","author":"McLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.12.008","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of the persistent postconcussion syndrome in patients with depression","volume":"21","author":"Iverson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2019.1598542","article-title":"Description of the predictors of persistent post-concussion symptoms and disability after mild traumatic brain injury: the SHEFBIT cohort","volume":"33","author":"Booker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1432894","article-title":"Untangling chronic pain and post-concussion symptoms: the significance of depression","volume":"32","author":"Snell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000128","article-title":"Brain or strain? Symptoms alone do not distinguish physiologic concussion from cervical\/vestibular injury","volume":"25","author":"Leddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Sports Med."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1802659","article-title":"Persistence of post-concussion symptoms in patients with mild traumatic brain injury and no psychiatric history in the Emergency Department","volume":"34","author":"Mehrolhassani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5643","article-title":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Department of Defense sport-related concussion common data elements Version 1","volume":"35","author":"Broglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6867","article-title":"Common data elements: critical assessment of harmonization between current multi-center traumatic brain injury studies","volume":"37","author":"Meeuws","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.11.02","article-title":"Qualitative examination of adolescent health-related quality of life at 1 year postconcussion","volume":"50","author":"Iadevaia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Athl Train."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117745033","article-title":"Lived experiences of adolescent athletes following sport-related concussion","volume":"5","author":"McLeod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.635354","article-title":"Post-concussion syndrome: prevalence after mild traumatic brain injury in comparison with a sample without head injury","volume":"26","author":"Dean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2020.1748032","article-title":"Persistent post-concussive symptoms: a model of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors","volume":"29","author":"Rickards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2019.1687600","article-title":"Mental health care in pediatric rehabilitation hospitals: a biopsychosocial, collaborative, and agency-based service integration approach","volume":"23","author":"Scratch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000732","article-title":"The economic burden of pediatric postconcussive syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Corwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38161","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038161","article-title":"Effect of concussion on salary and employment: a population-based event time study using a quasi-experimental design","volume":"10","author":"Fallesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.JNS15664","article-title":"Postconcussion syndrome: demographics and predictors in 221 patients","volume":"125","author":"Tator","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3600","article-title":"Systematic review of multivariable prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2011-0708","article-title":"Etiology of the post-concussion syndrome: physiogenesis and psychogenesis revisited","volume":"29","author":"Silverberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050701553189","article-title":"Community integration, social support and life satisfaction in relation to symptoms 3 years after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"St\u00e5lnacke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Inj."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.850590\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T22:35:44Z","timestamp":1726958144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.850590\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"references-count":127,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.850590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.850590","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"article-number":"850590"}}