{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:03:46Z","timestamp":1792512226532,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is classically considered a childhood disease. However, it represents the third most frequent neurological condition in the elderly, following stroke, and dementia. With the progressive aging of the general population, the number of patients with Late-Onset Epilepsy (LOE) is constantly growing, with important economic and social consequences, in particular for the more developed countries where the percentage of elderly people is higher. The most common causes of LOE are structural, mainly secondary to cerebrovascular or infectious diseases, brain tumors, trauma, and metabolic or toxic conditions. Moreover, there is a growing body of evidence linking LOE with neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, despite a thorough characterization, the causes of LOE remain unknown in a considerable portion of patients, thus termed as Late-Onset Epilepsy of Unknown origin (LOEU). In order to identify the possible causes of the disease, with an important impact in terms of treatment and prognosis, LOE patients should always undergo an exhaustive phenotypic characterization. In this work, we provide a detailed review of the main clinical and instrumental techniques for the adequate characterization of LOE patients in the clinical practice. This work aims to provide an easy and effective tool that supports routine activity of the clinicians facing LOE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.851897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T09:53:39Z","timestamp":1645782819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Clinical and Instrumental Characterization of Patients With Late-Onset Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jacopo C.","family":"DiFrancesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Labate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Romoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Chipi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Salvadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Andrea","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Perani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Ferrarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1159\/000493484","article-title":"Aging and the epidemiology of epilepsy","volume":"51","author":"Beghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.12.016","article-title":"Epilepsy in an elderly population: classification, etiology and drug resistance","volume":"140","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ronquillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.07.016","article-title":"Epidemiological and medical aspects of epilepsy in the elderly","volume":"68","author":"Cloyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02946.x","article-title":"The social and economic consequences of epilepsy: a controlled national study","volume":"52","author":"Jennum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30044-3","article-title":"Epileptic activity in Alzheimer's disease: causes and clinical relevance","volume":"16","author":"Vossel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24794","article-title":"Incidence and impact of subclinical epileptiform activity in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"80","author":"Vossel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00199","article-title":"Late-onset epilepsy with unknown etiology: a pilot study on neuropsychological profile, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and quantitative EEG characteristics","volume":"11","author":"Nardi Cesarini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.107839","article-title":"Temporal lobe dysfunction in late-onset epilepsy of unknown origin","volume":"117","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106592","article-title":"Cognitive performances in patients affected by late-onset epilepsy with unknown etiology: a 12-month follow-up study","volume":"101","author":"Liguori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy162","article-title":"Late onset epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease: exploring the dual pathogenic role of amyloid-\u03b2","volume":"141","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.006","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease and late-onset epilepsy of unknown origin: two faces of beta amyloid pathology","volume":"73","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00505-9","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2: a potential link between epilepsy and cognitive decline","volume":"17","author":"Romoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117686","article-title":"Cognitive decline risk stratification in people with late-onset epilepsy of unknown etiology: an electroencephalographic connectivity and graph theory pilot study","volume-title":"J Alzheimers Dis.","author":"Costa","year":"2021"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106478","article-title":"Late-onset unexplained epilepsy: what are we missing?","volume":"99","author":"Sarkis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02586.x","article-title":"Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984","volume":"34","author":"Hauser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03567.x","article-title":"Etiology of seizures in the elderly","volume":"27","author":"L\u00fchdorf","year":"1986","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.025","article-title":"Epilepsy, amyloid-\u03b2, and D1 dopamine receptors: a possible pathogenetic link?","volume":"48","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.05.043","article-title":"Nonlesional late-onset epilepsy: semiology, EEG, cerebrospinal fluid, and seizure outcome characteristics","volume":"91","author":"S\u00fc\u00dfe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(03)00060-4","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of electrolyte disturbances","volume-title":"Neurol Clin.","author":"Riggs","year":"2002"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00861.x","article-title":"Electrolytes disturbances and seizures","volume":"47","author":"Castilla-Guerra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x","article-title":"Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure","volume":"51","author":"Beghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200317140-00002","article-title":"Seizures in alcohol-dependent patients: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management","volume":"17","author":"Hillbom","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01247.x","article-title":"EFNS guideline on the diagnosis and management of alcohol-related seizures: report of an EFNS task force","volume":"12","author":"Br\u00e5then","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.019","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence on the association between cocaine use and seizures","volume":"133","author":"Sordo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.02.013","article-title":"Challenges in the pharmacological management of epilepsy and its causes in the elderly","volume":"106","author":"Ferlazzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01940-X","article-title":"Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures","volume":"40","author":"Sheldon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70059-6","article-title":"The borderland of epilepsy: clinical and molecular features of phenomena that mimic epileptic seizures","volume":"8","author":"Crompton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000279334.78298.d5","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with seizure occurrence in older adults with epilepsy","volume":"69","author":"Chihorek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32596-0","article-title":"Epilepsy in adults","volume":"393","author":"Thijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000568","article-title":"Neuroimaging in epilepsy","volume":"31","author":"Sidhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000285083.25882.0e","article-title":"Reassessment: neuroimaging in the emergency patient presenting with seizure (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"69","author":"Harden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000539","article-title":"MRI in epilepsy: clinical standard and evolution","volume":"31","author":"R\u00fcber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16324","article-title":"Recommendations for the use of structural magnetic resonance imaging in the care of patients with epilepsy: a consensus report from the International League Against Epilepsy Neuroimaging Task Force","volume":"60","author":"Bernasconi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1312","article-title":"ILAE Neuroimaging Task Force Highlight: harnessing optimized imaging protocols for drug-resistant childhood epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1174","article-title":"MRI essentials in epileptology: a review from the ILAE Imaging Taskforce","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091102400214","article-title":"Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: an emerging disease","volume":"24","author":"Savoiardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroradiol J."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1809","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012778","article-title":"Spontaneous ARIA-like events in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: a multicenter prospective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"97","author":"Antolini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16503","article-title":"Late drug-resistance in mild MTLE: can it be influenced by preexisting white matter alterations?","volume":"61","author":"Labate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3458","article-title":"Advanced MRI morphologic study shows no atrophy in healthy individuals with hippocampal hyperintensity","volume":"34","author":"Labate","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181cff747","article-title":"Temporal lobe abnormalities on brain MRI in healthy volunteers: a prospective case-control study","volume":"74","author":"Labate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000198208.59347.96","article-title":"MRI evidence of mesial temporal sclerosis in sporadic \u201cbenign\u201d temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"66","author":"Labate","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106209","article-title":"Evaluation of patients with late-onset and medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy with mesial temporal sclerosis","volume":"198","author":"Ayas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb04664.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and late-onset epilepsy","volume":"32","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001797","article-title":"Ictal 18F-FDG PET\/MRI in a patient with cortical heterotopia and focal epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Calabria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2014.12.003","article-title":"PET\/MR in dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"45","author":"Barthel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03903.x","article-title":"Factors related to the occurrence of typical paroxysmal abnormalities in the EEG records of epileptic patients","volume":"11","author":"Marsan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(97)00158-2","article-title":"Interictal epileptiform activity in elderly patients with epilepsy","volume":"106","author":"Drury","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.10.155","article-title":"Interictal spiking in adult newly-diagnosed focal epilepsy of unknown cause: the effect of age","volume":"126","author":"Arbasino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/155005949903000403","article-title":"EEG and epilepsy in the elderly compared to a younger group","volume":"30","author":"Hughes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Electroencephalogr."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2010.08.003","article-title":"The yield of routine EEG in geriatric patients: a prospective hospital-based study","volume":"40","author":"Nguyen Michel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e318227775c","article-title":"EEG observations in elderly with new onset seizures: from developing country perspective","volume":"28","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(98)00069-2","article-title":"Clinical utility of sleep-deprived versus computer-assisted ambulatory 16-channel EEG in epilepsy patients: a multi-center study","volume":"32","author":"Liporace","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00007.x","article-title":"Partial epilepsy of long duration: changing semiology with age","volume":"37","author":"Tinuper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.29003.x","article-title":"Seizure semiology in the elderly: a video analysis","volume":"45","author":"Kellinghaus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(96)00092-5","article-title":"Usefulness of prolonged video-EEG monitoring in the elderly","volume":"142","author":"Lancman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00825.x","article-title":"Value of inpatient diagnostic CCTV-EEG monitoring in the elderly","volume":"40","author":"Drury","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.2001.0608","article-title":"The usefulness of video-EEG monitoring in elderly patients with seizure disorders","volume":"11","author":"Ker\u00e4nen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Seizure."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.24401.x","article-title":"Video-EEG monitoring in the elderly: a review of 94 patients","volume":"43","author":"McBride","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0406-3","article-title":"Non-epileptic seizures of the elderly","volume":"251","author":"Kellinghaus","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03930-3","article-title":"Management of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis in adults and children: literature review and consensus-based practical recommendations","volume":"40","author":"Zuliani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","article-title":"Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis","volume":"378","author":"Dalmau","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51137","article-title":"Seizures and risk of epilepsy in anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-GABA","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.02104.x","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in community dwelling older adults with chronic partial epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.09.004","article-title":"Older adults with epilepsy demonstrate cognitive impairments compared with patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"8","author":"Griffith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2007.01.002","article-title":"Cognitive functioning over 3 years in community dwelling older adults with chronic partial epilepsy","volume":"74","author":"Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2006.04.004","article-title":"Attention and psychomotor speed decline in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a longitudinal study","volume":"72","author":"Piazzini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02195.x","article-title":"Patients with epilepsy: cognitively compromised before the start of antiepileptic drug treatment?","volume":"51","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2006.02.019","article-title":"Cognitive problems related to epilepsy syndromes, especially malignant epilepsies","volume":"15","author":"van Rijckevorsel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Seizure."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6526-2","article-title":"Should cognition be screened in new-onset epilepsies? A study in 247 untreated patients","volume":"259","author":"Witt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52898-8.00036-7","article-title":"Clinical neuropsychology in epilepsy: theoretical and practical issues","volume":"107","author":"Helmstaedter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.02.017","article-title":"Epilepsy and cognition - A bidirectional relationship?","volume":"49","author":"Helmstaedter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170392","article-title":"Adult-onset epilepsy in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective study","volume":"60","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy022","article-title":"Cognition and dementia in older patients with epilepsy","volume":"141","author":"Sen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.01.011","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in older adults with epilepsy: characterization and risk factor analysis","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.03.011","article-title":"Evaluating executive function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy using the frontal assessment battery","volume":"133","author":"Agah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12962","article-title":"Indications and expectations for neuropsychological assessment in routine epilepsy care: report of the ILAE Neuropsychology Task Force, Diagnostic Methods Commission, 2013-2017","volume":"56","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.08.015","article-title":"EpiTrack: tracking cognitive side effects of medication on attention and executive functions in patients with epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Lutz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12260","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral screening in elderly patients with new-onset epilepsy before treatment","volume":"130","author":"Witt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770707004X","article-title":"Cognitive phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"13","author":"Hermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10592-9","article-title":"HIV-Dementia Scale as a screening tool for the detection of subcortical cognitive deficits: validation of the Italian version","volume":"268","author":"Montanucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.06.004","article-title":"Future directions in the neuropsychology of epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"McDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.01.018","article-title":"Cognition in the early stages of adult epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Witt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2013.809795","article-title":"The robust reliability of neuropsychological measures: meta-analyses of test-retest correlations","volume":"27","author":"Calamia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25289","article-title":"Sustainable method for Alzheimer dementia prediction in mild cognitive impairment: Electroencephalographic connectivity and graph theory combined with apolipoprotein E","volume":"84","author":"Vecchio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.12.036","article-title":"Cortical connectivity and memory performance in cognitive decline: A study via graph theory from EEG data","volume":"316","author":"Vecchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132087","article-title":"Human brain networks in cognitive decline: a graph theoretical analysis of cortical connectivity from EEG data","volume":"41","author":"Vecchio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108204","article-title":"Dynamic FDG-PET in localization of focal epilepsy: a pilot study","volume":"122","author":"Seshadri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.02.004","article-title":"A new perspective for advanced positron emission tomography-based molecular imaging in neurodegenerative proteinopathies","volume":"15","author":"Perani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.09.033","article-title":"Epilepsy and brain inflammation","volume":"244","author":"Vezzani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2010.00572.x","article-title":"Imaging inflammation in a patient with epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"23","author":"Butler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0941","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in temporal lobe epilepsy measured using positron emission tomographic imaging of translocator protein","volume":"72","author":"Gershen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.01.002","article-title":"Evidence of activated microglia in focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"173","author":"Boer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05449-2","article-title":"What value can TSPO PET bring for epilepsy treatment?","volume":"49","author":"Bouilleret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16653","article-title":"Reduced synaptic vesicle protein 2A binding in temporal lobe epilepsy: A [11C]UCB-J positron emission tomography study","volume":"61","author":"Finnema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0723-9","article-title":"Visualization of AMPA receptors in living human brain with positron emission tomography","volume":"26","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2013.799289","article-title":"Early lumbar puncture in adult bacterial meningitis\u2013rationale for revised guidelines","volume":"45","author":"Glim\u00e5ker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ011","article-title":"Adult bacterial meningitis: earlier treatment and improved outcome following guideline revision promoting prompt lumbar puncture","volume":"60","author":"Glim\u00e5ker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.851897\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T22:25:23Z","timestamp":1674858323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.851897\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.851897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.851897","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"article-number":"851897"}}