{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:21:06Z","timestamp":1792099266414,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opium dependence is a significant health concern in low and middle-income countries, leading to a considerable number of deaths annually. Opium has several detrimental effects on its consumers. Data regarding the impact of opium on stroke are controversial. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between opium dependence and stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>I conducted a systematic search based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to evaluate the association between opium dependence and stroke. Following the extraction of qualitative findings from included studies, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the pooled estimate of odds ratios (ORs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight and four studies were included in qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively. Opium dependence increases the hazard of stroke mortality. Also, opium increases the odds of ischemic stroke by 127% (pooled OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.47\u20133.07).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opium not only merely increases the odds of being diagnosed with ischemic stroke but also leads to a notable increase in the mortality rate following stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.855578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T15:37:08Z","timestamp":1663342628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Opium abuse and stroke in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Parham","family":"Mardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"World Drug Report 2010","author":"Drugs","year":"2010"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2020.95","article-title":"Fifty years of research and one conclusion: opium causes cancer","volume":"23","author":"Sheikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2502","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e2502","article-title":"Opium use and mortality in Golestan Cohort Study: prospective cohort study of 50,000 adults in Iran","volume":"344","author":"Khademi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21765","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhrba.21765","article-title":"Compulsory maintenance treatment program amongst Iranian injection drug users and its side effects","volume":"3","author":"Eskandarieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J High Risk Behav Addict"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e021479","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021479","article-title":"Causes of premature death and their associated risk factors in the Golestan Cohort Study, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Nalini","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503","article-title":"Global burden of stroke","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000441082","article-title":"The global burden of stroke","volume":"45","author":"Mensah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804492","article-title":"Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016","volume":"379","author":"Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000441085","article-title":"Update on the global burden of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in 1990-2013: the GBD 2013 study","volume":"45","author":"Feigin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17707138","article-title":"Risk factors and mechanisms of stroke in young adults: the FUTURE study","volume":"38","author":"van Alebeek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00601-8","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Bitew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"157","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome in a global perspective. 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