{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:41:07Z","timestamp":1793410867913,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The term neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) describes a group of clinical-MRI syndromes characterized by longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, brainstem dysfunction and\/or, less commonly, encephalopathy. About 80% of patients harbor antibodies directed against the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG), expressed on astrocytes, which was found to be both a biomarker and a pathogenic cause of NMOSD. More recently, antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG), have been found to be a biomarker of a different entity, termed MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), which has overlapping, but different pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment response, and prognosis when compared to AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. Despite important refinements in the accuracy of AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG testing assays, a small proportion of patients with NMOSD still remain negative for both antibodies and are called \u201cseronegative\u201d NMOSD. Whilst major advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions, biomarkers that could help predict the risk of relapses, disease activity, and prognosis are still lacking. In this context, a number of serum and\/or cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are emerging as potentially useful in clinical practice for diagnostic and treatment purposes. These include antibody titers, cytokine profiles, complement factors, and markers of neuronal (e.g., neurofilament light chain) or astroglial (e.g., glial fibrillary acidic protein) damage. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence regarding the role of emerging diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with NMOSD and MOGAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.866824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T16:49:41Z","timestamp":1648486181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Associated Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Dinoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elia","family":"Sechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoin P.","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Solla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mariotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"434","volume-title":"My\u00e9lite aigu\u00eb dorse-lombaire avec n\u00e9vrite optique, autopsie","author":"Devic","year":"1895"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","article-title":"IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel","volume":"202","author":"Lennon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12107","article-title":"Evaluation of aquaporin-4 antibody assays","volume":"5","author":"Waters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000216139.44259.74","article-title":"Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica","volume":"66","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","article-title":"International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"85","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001027","article-title":"Differential binding of autoantibodies to MOG isoforms in inflammatory demyelinating diseases","volume":"8","author":"Schanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflam."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022328","article-title":"Antimyelin antibodies as a predictor of clinically definite multiple sclerosis after a first demyelinating event","volume":"349","author":"Berger","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.3.1974","article-title":"Antibodies from inflamed central nervous system tissue recognize myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"175","author":"O'Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2010.11.013","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of anti-MOG antibodies in CNS demyelinating diseases","volume":"138","author":"Di Pauli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000089","article-title":"MOG cell-based assay detects non-MS patients with inflammatory neurologic disease","volume":"2","author":"Waters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol NeuroInflammation."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. 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