{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T17:53:09Z","timestamp":1776707589185,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults is associated with significant morbidity and mortality; therefore, early prognostication is important to identify severe cases and possibly allocate more intensive treatment. We hypothesized that early intracranial hemorrhage portends a poor prognosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of early intracranial hemorrhage regardless of size and location on clinical outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective analysis of patients with community-acquired bacterial meningitis treated at a tertiary academic center between 2009 and 2019 about patient characteristics, cerebral imaging findings, and clinical outcome. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of poor clinical outcomes defined as a modified Rankin scale score of 5 or 6 upon discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 102 patients were included, of which 22.5% had poor clinical outcomes. Intracranial micro- or macrohemorrhages were present in 7.8% of cases and associated with poor clinical outcomes [odds ratio (OR) 55.75, 95% CI 3.08\u20131,008.48, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006] in multivariate analysis, further predictors included ischemic stroke (OR 15.06, 95% CI 1.32\u2013172, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.029), age (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.4\u20134.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002), and reduced consciousness (OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.07\u201316.64, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early cerebral hemorrhage (ECHO) is a potential prognostic marker for clinicians confronted with decision-making in patients who are critically ill with community-acquired bacterial meningitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.869716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T05:28:07Z","timestamp":1655357287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early Intracranial Hemorrhage Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas 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