{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:09:12Z","timestamp":1753891752292,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Guillain-Barr\u00e8 syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated disorder affecting peripheral nerves and nerve roots with a variable clinical course and outcome. Epidemiologic analyses have revealed that the incidence of the syndrome increases linearly among the age. The clinical diagnosis of GBS is based on the family history, physical and neurological examination, electrodiagnostic exams, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis with the classical presence of albumin-cytologic dissociation. Prognosis is associated with the severity of clinical signs and the type of peripheral nerves involved.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to clarify which clinical features can be used for prognostic purposes. We evaluated the correlation between (1) brain MRI lesions and grade of disability; (2) brain MRI lesions and elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein; and (3) increased levels of CSF protein and grade of disability. Statistical analysis extracted from these data indicated a good correlation to be a prognostic indicator in children affected by GBS. We found little evidence regarding laboratory tests, imaging, and prognosis. We enrolled 12 continuous patients who met the Brighton criteria for GBS in this retrospective study. Each patient was clinically evaluated at the time of disease onset to assess the GBS disability score and after 2 weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimated Pearson's correlation index to evaluate the possible correlation between MRI and disability and CSF protein levels and disability. The correlation coefficient was 0.92 and 0.85, respectively. In addition, we developed a graph to see the trend of the disability values, proteins in the CSF, and damage assessed with MRI in the 12 patients. It seems that these parameters have a parallel trend and a good correlation in each patient. Finally, we calculated the correlation between MRI and CSF protein values, with an <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>-value of 0.87. The values suggest a correlation among the MRI score, CSF protein, and prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The MRI and CSF laboratory parameters can be important tools for the clinician not only for diagnosis but also to evaluate the possible worsening of general conditions or the need to prepare measures to support life parameters. Patients who need ventilatory support could be established early from patients who have less severe GBS and can begin rehabilitation earlier. We suggest MRI should be performed routinely in children with GBS to be able to estimate the evolution of the clinical condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.885897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T05:26:07Z","timestamp":1666329967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case report: Incidence and prognostic value of brain MRI lesions and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein in children with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Di Nora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Di Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Costanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Strazzieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Timpanaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Belfiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Giugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martino","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Fiumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Pavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70215-1","article-title":"Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"7","author":"van Doorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02319-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Guillain-Barr\u00e8 syndrome and its underlying causes from 1990 to 2019","volume":"18","author":"Bragazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflam."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0250-9","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of GuillainBarr\u00e9 syndrome in ten steps","volume":"15","author":"Leonhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.121","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"van den Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1159\/000184748","article-title":"The epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature reviews","volume":"32","author":"McGrogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123e133","DOI":"10.1159\/000324710","article-title":"Population incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Sejvar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuro-epidemiology."},{"volume-title":"Guillain Barre Syndrome","year":"2022","author":"Nguyen","key":"B7"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70130-8","article-title":"clinical prognostic scoring system for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"6","author":"van Koningsveld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2022.01.004","article-title":"Prognostic value of contrast-enhanced MRI in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in children","volume":"29","author":"Althubaiti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0000000000000259","article-title":"CSF protein level and short-term prognosis in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Kasser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)92644-2","article-title":"Controlled trial prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e518","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013139","article-title":"Predicting outcome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Doets","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.3.813","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of MRI lumbosacral nerve root enhancement in acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Gorson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1197-8","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of childhood GuillainBarre syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Yikilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8429-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in children and validation of the Brighton criteria","volume":"264","author":"Roodbol","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.02.019","article-title":"Increased cerebrospinal fluid protein and motor conduction studies as prognostic markers of outcome and nerve ultrasound changes in GuillainBarr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"3401","author":"Kerasnoudis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.3_Part_1.618","article-title":"Nerve root enhancement with MRI in inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"43","author":"Morgan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0097-x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome\u2014where do we stand?","volume":"256","author":"Brettschneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0000000000000091","article-title":"Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid protein levels and electrophysiologic abnormalities in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Di Capua","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12209","article-title":"International Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome outcome study: protocol of a prospective observational cohort study on clinical and biological predictors of disease course and outcome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Peripher Nervous Syst."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.885897\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T05:26:12Z","timestamp":1666329972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.885897\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.885897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.885897","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-2295"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"article-number":"885897"}}