{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:01:53Z","timestamp":1761897713661,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify neurological aspects of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to investigate COVID-19 infected patients with and without olfactory dysfunction in relation to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until March 26, 2021, for observational studies with COVID-19 patients that had performed CSF PCR assay due to the neurologic symptom and reported anosmia status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Initially, 2,387 studies were identified;167 studies performed SARS-CoV-2 CSF PCR assay, of which our review comprised 45 observational studies that conducted CSF PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 in 101 patients and reported anosmia status in 55 of 101 patients. Central and peripheral neurological manifestations observed in COVID-19 patients were diverse. The most common neurological diagnoses were Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) and its variants (24%), followed by encephalopathy (21%). The SARS-CoV-2 PCR assay was positive in only four CSF samples, of which two patients had olfactory dysfunction while the others did not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The neurological spectrum of COVID-19 is diverse, and direct neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 is rare. The neuroprotection against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients with anosmia is controversial, as an equal number of patients with and without olfactory dysfunction had positive CSF PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 in our study, and further studies are required to provide more insight into this topic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.887164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T06:38:05Z","timestamp":1657867085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Systematic Review on Neurological Aspects of COVID-19: Exploring the Relationship Between COVID-19-Related Olfactory Dysfunction and Neuroinvasion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sujata","family":"Purja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SuA","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"EunYoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4461","article-title":"The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza other viral diseases into the central nervous system","volume":"235","author":"Van Riel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.04.135012","article-title":"Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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