{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:05:50Z","timestamp":1753891550474,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiologies of cryptogenic stroke are complex and heterogeneous. A number of uncommon etiologies are not fully recognized, some of which predominantly affect females. Most of these etiologies are closely related to the hormonal level, reproductive factors, coagulation function, and medications of females. Moreover, once cryptogenic stroke is diagnosed, females tend to have worse outcomes. Therefore, prompt etiological recognition and treatment are crucial for good recovery. The aim of this article is to review advances in exploring uncommon female-predominant etiologies of cryptogenic stroke. These etiologies are categorized into arterial, cardiac, and venous sources. Arterial vasoconstrictive narrowing, intimal injury, and intimal developmental abnormality can cause brain ischemia or artery-to-artery cerebral embolism. Myocardial contraction dysfunction, cardiac wall injury, and developmental abnormality can induce intracardiac thrombosis and lead to cardiac embolism. In addition, cortical venous thrombosis and occult venous thromboembolism <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> intracardiac or extracardiac channels also account for cryptogenic stroke in females. Due to the lack of knowledge, in clinical practice, the above etiologies are seldom assessed. The low incidence rate of these etiologies can lead to missed diagnosis. This review will provide novel clinical clues for the etiological diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke and will help to improve the management and secondary prevention of stroke in the female population. In the future, more studies are needed to explore the etiology and prevention strategies of cryptogenic stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.900991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T05:58:55Z","timestamp":1656050335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000442009.06663.48","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"45","author":"Bushnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-830","article-title":"Cerebrovascular disease in pregnancy and puerperium: perspectives from neuroradiologists","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004199","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific analysis of patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source","volume":"89","author":"Ntaios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4214","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, part 1: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical course","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417715223","article-title":"Characteristics and demographics of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a large prospective series of Korean patients","volume":"38","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.024416","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Burton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70135-7","article-title":"Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Ducros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.03.028","article-title":"In-hospital outcomes and long-term survival of women of childbearing age with aortic dissection","volume":"74","author":"Rommens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00009-5","article-title":"Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of intracranial artery dissection","volume":"14","author":"Debette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.5.0685","article-title":"Atypical fibromuscular hyperplasia. 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