{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T19:47:57Z","timestamp":1772567277179,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess risk factors for encephalopathy in non-ICU hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and the effect of encephalopathy on short-term outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of fifty patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to a ward service and who had an electroencephalogram (EEG) performed. Associations with short-term outcomes including hospital length of stay and discharge disposition were determined from univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical delirium was associated with encephalopathy on EEG, cefepime use was associated with increased length of stay, and of all factors analyzed, background frequency on EEG alone was correlated with discharge disposition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Encephalopathy is one of the major determinants of short-term outcomes in hospitalized non-ICU patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.941903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T06:23:50Z","timestamp":1661754230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["EEG background frequency is associated with discharge outcomes in non-ICU hospitalized patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kaitlin M.","family":"Seibert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wonhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Espinal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumayyah K.","family":"Abumurad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James X.","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoum P.","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26207","article-title":"Encephalopathy in patients with COVID-19: a review","volume":"93","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23592","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms and neurological manifestations in COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Zirpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3182a73e16","article-title":"Neural network modeling of EEG patterns in encephalopathy","volume":"30","author":"Ponten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00007-2","article-title":"Adult EEG","volume":"160","author":"Feyissa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2478\/jtim-2021-0007","article-title":"The use of electroencephalography in patients with sepsis: a review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Pantzaris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Int Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study","volume":"368","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","article-title":"COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: imaging features","volume":"296","author":"Poyiadji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","article-title":"A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2","volume":"94","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000821","article-title":"Increased CSF levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and ACE in SARS-CoV-2-associated encephalitis","author":"Bodro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323816","article-title":"Postinfectious brainstem encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"91","author":"Khoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.192","article-title":"Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)-associated encephalopathies and cerebrovascular disease: the new orleans experience","volume":"141","author":"Scullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.06.001","article-title":"Electroencephalogram (EEG) in COVID-19: a systematic retrospective study","volume":"50","author":"Petrescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582794","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.582794","article-title":"Electroencephalographic abnormalites in SARS-CoV-2 patients","volume":"11","author":"Besnard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594211035923","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of EEG in patients with COVID-19: EEG recording in acute and follow-up phases","volume":"53","author":"Saez-Landete","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211489","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1489","article-title":"Association of clinical, biological, and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings with electroencephalographic findings for patients with COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Lambrecq","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.02.007","article-title":"Neurophysiological findings and their prognostic value in critical COVID-19 patients: an observational study","volume":"132","author":"Niguet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-324337","article-title":"Epileptiform activity and seizures in patients with COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"Santos de Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059418767584","article-title":"Diagnostic performance and utility of quantitative EEG analyses in delirium: confirmatory results from a large retrospective case-control study","volume":"50","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13225","article-title":"EEG and clinical assessment in delirium and acute encephalopathy","volume":"75","author":"Hut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-01035-w","article-title":"Cefepime is associated with acute encephalopathy in critically Ill patients: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R264","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13094","article-title":"Cefepime neurotoxicity in the intensive care unit: a cause of severe, underappreciated encephalopathy","volume":"17","author":"Fugate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040445","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of coinfection and superinfection on the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection: an updated literature review","volume":"11","author":"Omoush","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa524","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019, superinfections, and antimicrobial development: what can we expect?","volume":"71","author":"Clancy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14775","article-title":"Cognitive decline among individuals with history of mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a longitudinal prospective study nested to a population cohort","volume":"28","author":"Del Brutto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15215","article-title":"Cognitive sequelae of long COVID may not be permanent: a prospective study","volume":"29","author":"Del Brutto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"8012","article-title":"Omicron SARS-CoV-2 new variant: global prevalence and biological and clinical characteristics","volume":"25","author":"Meo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350","article-title":"Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 \u201clong haulers\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.941903\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T11:55:04Z","timestamp":1662465304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.941903\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.941903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.941903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"article-number":"941903"}}