{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:26:46Z","timestamp":1790083606159,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since December 2019, the time when the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was spotted, numerous review studies have been published on COVID-19 and its neuro invasion. A growing number of studies have reported headaches as a common neurological manifestation of COVID-19. Although several hypotheses have been proposed regarding the association between headache and the coronavirus, no solid evidence has been presented for the mechanism and features of headache in COVID-19. Headache also is a common complaint with the omicron variant of the virus. COVID-19 vaccination also is a cause of new-onset headaches or aggravation of the previous headache in migraine or tension headache sufferers. In this review study, the types of headaches reported in previous studies and their possible pathogenic mechanisms are outlined. To accomplish this objective, various types of headaches are classified and their patterns are discussed according to ICHD-3 diagnostic criteria, including, headaches attributed to systemic viral infection, viral meningitis or encephalitis, non-infectious inflammatory intracranial disease, hypoxia and\/or hypercapnia, cranial or cervical vascular disorder, increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, refractive error, external-compression headache, and cough headache. Then, their pathogeneses are categorized into three main categories, direct trigeminal involvement, vascular invasion, and inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, persistent headache after recovery and the predictors of intensity is further investigated. Post-vaccination headache is also discussed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.942956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T12:11:42Z","timestamp":1657714302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Review on Headaches Due to COVID-19 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mansoureh","family":"Togha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Melika","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooshin","family":"Yamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Martami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhale","family":"Salami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13091","article-title":"COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review","volume":"288","author":"Pascarella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.05.017","article-title":"Neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19: a literature review","volume":"77","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.34172\/icnj.2020.20","article-title":"COVID-19 neurological manifestations","volume":"7","author":"Azhideh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Clin Neurosci J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.27334.1","article-title":"Global prevalence and pathogenesis of headache in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Mutiawati","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23526","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23526","article-title":"\u201cPfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (BNT162b2) Side Effects: A Systematic Review.\u201d","volume":"14","author":"Dighriri","year":"2022"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101188","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.1.2101188","article-title":"Time to consider unusual or severe headache and fatigue as indicator symptoms for COVID-19 testing?","volume":"27","author":"Tostmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_244_21","article-title":"Headache incidence and characteristics in COVID-19 patients: a hospital-based study","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420965139","article-title":"I stay at home with headache. 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