{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:33:01Z","timestamp":1789511581864,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) is usually recommended for stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients. High intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a potentially effective method for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among clinical populations. Its effectiveness remains to be demonstrated after stroke. A combined program of HIIT and MICT was designed to create a realistic exercise program implemented for a clinical setting to help patients become more active.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Purpose<\/jats:title>This study aimed to compare the effects of a 6-month exercise program with either MICT only or a combination of HIIT and MICT and a control group in terms of CRF, cardiovascular risk factors, functionality, cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and depression markers (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This randomized controlled trial started with 52 participants (33 men and 19 women, mean age: 69.2 \u00b1 10.7) divided into three groups: HIIT + MICT combined, MICT, and control. Both exercise groups consisted of 4 weekly sessions including supervised and at-home exercise. Outcomes were assessed at T0 (baseline measure), T6 (end of exercise protocols), and T12 (follow-up), 40 participants having completed the 12-month follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>At T6, both HIIT+MICT and MICT programs provided a similar increase of CRF (3 ml\u00b7min-1\u00b7kg-1) from baseline (p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), while the control group showed a global slight decrease. Despite some decrease of CRF at T12 compared to T6, improvement persisted 6 months post-intervention (HIIT + MICT: p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01 and MICT: p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The control group decreased compared with baseline (p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The two exercise programs induced a comparable increase in self-reported physical activity and a decrease in anxiety and depression markers. Participants in HIIT + MICT and MICT programs declared a good degree of acceptability assessed by the Acceptability and Preferences Questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>A 6-month HIIT + MICT combined program and a standard MICT program induced similar improvements in CRF, self-reported physical activity and anxiety and depression markers among patients with prior ischemic stroke or TIA compared with a control group. These effects appear to persist over time. Addition of HIIT was safe and considered acceptable by participants. Our results do not support any superiority of the combination HIIT + MICT nor disadvantage vs. MICT in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.963950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T21:22:06Z","timestamp":1672867326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Addition of high-intensity interval training to a moderate intensity continuous training cardiovascular rehabilitation program after ischemic cerebrovascular disease: A randomized controlled 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