{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T04:43:36Z","timestamp":1782708216815,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008666","name":"Fundaci\u00f3 la Marat\u00f3 de TV3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia and higher glucose variability during the Early Brain Injury (EBI) period of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) have been associated with poor clinical outcome. However, it is unclear whether these associations are due to direct glucose-driven injury or if hyperglycaemia simply acts as a marker of initial severity. Actually, strict glucose control with intensive insulin therapy has not been demonstrated as an effective strategy for improving clinical outcomes after aSAH. Currently published studies describing an association between hyperglycaemia and prognosis in aSAH patients have been based on isolated glucose measurements and did not incorporate comprehensive dynamic evaluations, such as those derived from subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring devices (CMG). Arguably, a more accurate knowledge on glycaemic patterns during the acute phase of aSAH could increase our understanding of the relevance of glycaemia as a prognostic factor in this disease as well as to underpin its contribution to secondary focal and diffuse brain injury. Herein, we have summarized the available evidence on the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of glucose metrics during the acute phase of cerebrovascular diseases, focusing in the EBI period after aSAH. Overall, obtaining a more precise scope of acute longitudinal glucose profiles could eventually be useful for improving glucose management protocols in the setting of acute aSAH and to advance toward a more personalized management of aSAH patients during the EBI phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.977307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T15:46:32Z","timestamp":1662997592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical relevance of glucose metrics during the early brain injury period after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: An opportunity for continuous glucose monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Mosteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leire","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Llull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Torn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergi","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000090466.68866.02","article-title":"Glucose levels and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"61","author":"Dorhout Mees","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000168054.60538.2B","article-title":"Relationship between hyperglycemia and symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Badjatia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/12\/1080","article-title":"Persistent perioperative hyperglycemia as an independent predictor of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"107","author":"McGirt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60553-5","article-title":"Stress hyperglycaemia","volume":"373","author":"Dungan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e424","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.529974","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and clinical outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Kruyt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.102","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a potentially modifiable risk factor for poor outcome","volume":"30","author":"Kruyt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001823","article-title":"Optimal glucose target after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a matched cohort study","volume":"90","author":"Eagles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011300","article-title":"Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients","volume":"345","author":"van den Berghe","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810625","article-title":"Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients","volume":"360","author":"Finfer","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0b013e3180338e69","article-title":"The effect of intensive insulin therapy on infection rate, vasospasm, neurologic outcome, and mortality in neurointensive care unit after intracranial aneurysm clipping in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized prospective pilot trial","volume":"19","author":"Bilotta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.535534","article-title":"Effective glycemic control with aggressive hyperglycemia management is associated with improved outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"40","author":"Latorre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-011-9601-0","article-title":"Participants in the international multi-disciplinary consensus conference on the critical care management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and glucose management","volume":"15","author":"Schmutzhard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R203","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11812","article-title":"Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2012.12.012","article-title":"High glucose variability increases cerebral infarction in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"28","author":"Barletta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crit Care."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13857","article-title":"Systemic glucose variability predicts cerebral metabolic distress and mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective observational study","volume":"18","author":"Kurtz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066616669328","article-title":"Blood glucose variability: a strong independent predictor of neurological outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Okazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2010.0247","article-title":"Normal reference range for mean tissue glucose and glycemic variability derived from continuous glucose monitoring for subjects without diabetes in different ethnic groups","volume":"13","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1396","article-title":"Glucose variability","volume":"62","author":"Service","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296817706151","article-title":"Consensus statement on inpatient use of continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Wallia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600","article-title":"International consensus on use of continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"40","author":"Danne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2006.15.4.370","article-title":"Evaluation of nursing work effort and perceptions about blood glucose testing in tight glycemic control","volume":"15","author":"Aragon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0453-9","article-title":"Insulin treatment guided by subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring compared to frequent point-of-care measurement in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Boom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104346","article-title":"Risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in patients with acute ischemic stroke based on continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"28","author":"Nukui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17562864211045876","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211045876","article-title":"Glycemic variability of acute stroke patients and clinical outcomes: a continuous glucose monitoring study","volume":"14","author":"Palaiodimou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000037","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2014-000037","article-title":"Performance of the medtronic sentrino continuous glucose management (CGM) system in the cardiac intensive care unit","volume":"2","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R175","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11657","article-title":"Glycemic variability and glucose complexity in critically ill patients: a retrospective analysis of continuous glucose monitoring data","volume":"16","author":"Brunner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1352","article-title":"Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"33","author":"Holzinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186439","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/186439","article-title":"The use of continuous glucose monitoring combined with computer-based eMPC algorithm for tight glucose control in cardiosurgical ICU","volume":"2013","author":"Kopeck\u00fd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19322968211062168","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968211062168","article-title":"Reliability of inpatient CGM: comparison to standard of care","volume":"15","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.006353","article-title":"Are we barking up the wrong vessels? Cerebral microcirculation after subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"46","author":"Terpolilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.011707","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"van der Kleij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307313","article-title":"Acute ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage, relationship with early brain injury and impact on outcome: a prospective quantitative MRI study","volume":"86","author":"Frontera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.246","article-title":"Delayed neurological deterioration after subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"10","author":"Macdonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00867-0","article-title":"Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: the last decade","volume":"12","author":"Neifert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00710-x","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microvascular dysfunction after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: emerging components of early brain injury related to outcome","volume":"31","author":"Geraghty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0990-3","article-title":"Early brain injury after poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"19","author":"Rass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01136-9","article-title":"Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: review of the pathophysiology and management strategies","volume":"21","author":"Osgood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04077.x","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymatic activities after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats","volume":"87","author":"Marzatico","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0748","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the human brain after subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"89","author":"Gaetani","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.4.867","article-title":"Amelioration of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase","volume":"30","author":"Kamii","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600399","article-title":"Reduction in oxidative stress by superoxide dismutase overexpression attenuates acute brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage via activation of Akt\/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta survival signaling","volume":"27","author":"Endo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.137","article-title":"Hemoglobin and iron handling in brain after subarachnoid hemorrhage and the effect of deferoxamine on early brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.07.009","article-title":"Impact of hyperglycemia on neuronal apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rodent brain: an experimental research","volume":"83","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.03.005","article-title":"High glucose, glucose fluctuation and carbonyl stress enhance brain microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction: implications for diabetic cerebral microvasculature","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.8.2079","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises","volume":"53","author":"Stentz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511154103","article-title":"Increased production of reactive oxygen species in hyperglycemic conditions requires dynamic change of mitochondrial morphology","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.623991","article-title":"Inhibition of protein kinase C\u03b2 reverses increased blood-brain barrier permeability during hyperglycemic stroke and prevents edema formation in vivo","volume":"42","author":"Cipolla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.201400","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases protects mouse cerebral pericytes from high glucose-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"344","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.09.086","article-title":"High glucose-induced mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species in mouse cerebral pericytes is reversed by pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases: implications for cerebral microvascular disease in diabetes","volume":"440","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx016","article-title":"Hyperglycemia aggravates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a rat model","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9327-4","article-title":"Systemic glucose and brain energy metabolism after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Helbok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1139\/y92-259","article-title":"Coupling among changes in energy metabolism, acid-base homeostasis, and ion fluxes in ischemia","volume-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol","author":"Katsura","year":"1992"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10241","article-title":"Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study","volume":"52","author":"Parsons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000194960.73883.0f","article-title":"Hyperglycemia after SAH: predictors, associated complications, and impact on outcome","volume":"37","author":"Frontera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9311-z","article-title":"Moderate hypoglycemia is associated with vasospasm, cerebral infarction, and 3-month disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Naidech","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001569","article-title":"Early circulating lactate and glucose levels after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage correlate with poor outcome and delayed cerebral ischemia: a two-center cohort study","volume":"44","author":"van Donkelaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.19.13307-X","article-title":"Early dysglycemia and mortality in traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"85","author":"Pappacena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661689","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.661689","article-title":"Association of plasma glucose to potassium ratio and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678998","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.678998","article-title":"Admission hyperglycemia predicts long-term mortality in critically ill patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795376","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.795376","article-title":"Elevated glucose-potassium ratio predicts preoperative rebleeding in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80513-9","article-title":"Glycemic indices predict outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective single center comparative analysis","volume":"11","author":"McIntyre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318198006a","article-title":"Strict glucose control does not affect mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"110","author":"Thiele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R9","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6776","article-title":"Insulin-related decrease in cerebral glucose despite normoglycemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Schlenk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.10.037","article-title":"Elevated glycated hemoglobin level and hyperglycemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"163","author":"Beseoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714341","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.714341","article-title":"Association between glycemic gap and in-hospital outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.03.041","article-title":"Serum glucose and potassium ratio as risk factors for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"28","author":"Matano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.071","article-title":"Association of admission serum glucose-phosphate ratio with severity and prognosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200608000-00006","article-title":"Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients","volume":"105","author":"Egi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00906-1","article-title":"Glucose variability as measured by inter-measurement percentage change is predictive of in-patient mortality in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Sadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00565","article-title":"Clinical use of cerebral microdialysis in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage-state of the art","volume":"8","author":"Helbok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.3.JNS10899","article-title":"Relation between brain interstitial and systemic glucose concentrations after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"115","author":"Zetterling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.1.67","article-title":"Effects of admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"59","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.592170","article-title":"J-shaped association between serum glucose and functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"41","author":"Ntaios","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000085087.41330.FF","article-title":"Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome","volume":"34","author":"Baird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.02.006","article-title":"Effects of glycemic variability and hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke on post-stroke cognitive impairments","volume":"32","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14010","article-title":"The effect of post-stroke hyperglycaemia on the levels of brain damage and repair-related circulating biomarkers: the glycaemia in acute stroke study II","volume":"26","author":"Otero-Ortega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000223436","article-title":"Acute hyperglycemia and early hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke","volume":"28","author":"Paciaroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1754","article-title":"Admission hyperglycemia predicts a worse outcome in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis","volume":"32","author":"Poppe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12517","article-title":"The correlation between admission blood glucose and intravenous rt-PA-induced arterial recanalization in acute ischemic stroke: a multi-centre TCD study","volume":"10","author":"Saqqur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Stroke."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8866-z","article-title":"Impaired fasting glucose is associated with unfavorable outcome in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous alteplase","volume":"265","author":"Osei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806013","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.806013","article-title":"Correlation between blood glucose variability and early therapeutic effects after intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase and levels of serum inflammatory factors in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010753","article-title":"SWIFT investigators. Impact of glucose on outcomes in patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy: a post hoc analysis of the solitaire flow restoration with the intention for thrombectomy study","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.016071","article-title":"Admission glucose and effect of intra-arterial treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"48","author":"Osei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2017-012993","article-title":"Admission hyperglycemia and outcomes in large vessel occlusion strokes treated with mechanical thrombectomy","volume":"10","author":"Goyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023769","article-title":"Glucose modifies the effect of endovascular thrombectomy in patients with acute stroke","volume":"50","author":"Chamorro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9063-1","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and short-term outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"9","author":"Godoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011627","article-title":"Prognostic significance of hyperglycemia in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the INTERACT2 study","volume":"47","author":"Saxena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00826-9","article-title":"Acute glycemic variability and mortality of patients with acute stroke: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600460","article-title":"Hyperglycemia during ischemia rapidly accelerates brain damage in stroke patients treated with tPA","volume":"27","author":"Ribo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000448329","article-title":"Post stroke dysglycemia and acute infarct volume growth: a study using continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"76","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008744","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008744","article-title":"Outcome prediction in acute stroke patients by continuous glucose monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Wada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1651206","article-title":"Glycemia management in acute ischemic stroke: current concepts and novel therapeutic targets","volume":"131","author":"Palaiodimou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postgrad Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9346","article-title":"Intensive vs standard treatment of hyperglycemia and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the SHINE randomized clinical trial","volume":"322","author":"Johnston","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.977307\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T15:46:37Z","timestamp":1662997597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.977307\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.977307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.977307","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"article-number":"977307"}}