{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:16:04Z","timestamp":1782738964441,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insomnia is one of the most common diseases in elderly patients, which seriously affect the quality of life and psychological state of patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the functional network pattern of the prefrontal cortex in patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID) after taking drugs, using non-invasive and low-cost functional neuroimaging with multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All subjects were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and fNIRS. The fNIRS assessment consists of two parts: the verbal fluency test (VFT) task state and the resting state, which assessed the differences in prefrontal activation and functional connectivity, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 30 patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID) and 15 healthy peers completed the study. During the VFT task, a significantly lower PFC activation was observed in patients with insomnia compared to the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). However, the PFC activation in patients taking medication was higher than in patients who did not receive medication. Functional connectivity analysis showed a weaker mean PFC channel connectivity strength in patients with CID who did not receive drug treatment. Drug treatment resulted in enhanced functional connectivity of the prefrontal lobe, especially the DLPFC and frontal poles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A weak prefrontal cortex response was detected in patients with CID when performing the VFT task, which could be enhanced by taking hypnotics. The weakened right prefrontal lobe network may play a role in the development of CID. fNIRS may serve as a potential tool to assess sleep status and guide drug therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.985988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T08:02:39Z","timestamp":1671091359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prefrontal brain function in patients with chronic insomnia disorder: A pilot functional near-infrared spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaling","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minglong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2018.05.002","article-title":"Group of the neurology branch of the Chinese medical association, guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia in Chinese adults (2017 edition)","volume":"51","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SICE.2015.7285539","article-title":"An application of common spatial pattern algorithm for accuracy improvement in classification of cortical activation pattern according to finger movement","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"SICE"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2020.42769","article-title":"Insomnia overview: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy","volume":"26","author":"Dopheide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19151","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019151","article-title":"Explore structural and functional brain changes in insomnia disorder: a PRISMA-compliant whole brain ALE meta-analysis for multimodal MRI","volume":"99","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0203","article-title":"Frontal lobe function, sleep loss, and fragmented sleep","volume":"5","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.030","article-title":"MEG identifies dorsal medial brain activations during sleep","volume":"44","author":"Ioannides","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6862","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1318-04.2004","article-title":"The sleep slow oscillation as a traveling wave","volume":"24","author":"Massimini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep\/31.9.1271","article-title":"Prefrontal hypoactivation and recovery in insomnia","volume":"31","author":"Altena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5340","article-title":"Cortical thinning and altered cortico-cortical structural covariance of the default mode network in patients with persistent insomnia symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Suh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01109-5","article-title":"Brain structural correlates of insomnia severity in 1,053 individuals with major depressive disorder: results from the ENIGMA MDD working group","volume":"10","author":"Leerssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/0470846410.ch27(ii)","article-title":"Mini-mental state examination","volume":"3","author":"Cockrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Princ Pract Geriat Psychiatry"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"4","article-title":"Hamilton depression scale","volume":"1","author":"Hamilton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Group."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1033","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a structured interview guide for the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (SIGH-A)","volume":"13","author":"Shear","year":"2001","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00330-6","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in primary insomnia","volume":"53","author":"Backhaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/248724","article-title":"FC-NIRS: a functional connectivity analysis tool for near-infrared spectroscopy data","volume":"2015","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.036","article-title":"NIRS-SPM: statistical parametric mapping for near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"44","author":"Ye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S136774","article-title":"Reduced prefrontal activation during verbal fluency task in chronic insomnia disorder: a multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.003","article-title":"The effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on sleep quality and depression symptoms in patients with major depression and insomnia","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790903463593","article-title":"Functional involvement of the cerebral cortex following paramedian bithalamic infarction","volume":"16","author":"Nardone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocase."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.04.025","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation and sleep disorders: pathophysiologic insights","volume":"14","author":"Nardone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Prefrontal hypoactivation and recovery in insomnia","volume":"31","author":"Altena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116864","article-title":"Specific EEG sleep pattern in the prefrontal cortex in primary insomnia","volume":"10","author":"Perrier","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.03.003","article-title":"Injured brains and adaptive networks: the benefits and costs of hyperconnectivity","volume":"21","author":"Hillary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.985988\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T08:02:45Z","timestamp":1671091365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.985988\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2022.985988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.985988","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"article-number":"985988"}}