{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:12:57Z","timestamp":1781374377580,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Functional Motor Disorders (FMDs) represent nosological entities with no clear phenotypic characterization, especially in patients with multiple (combined FMDs) motor manifestations. A data-driven approach using cluster analysis of clinical data has been proposed as an analytic method to obtain non-hierarchical unbiased classifications. The study aimed to identify clinical subtypes of combined FMDs using a data-driven approach to overcome possible limits related to \u201ca priori\u201d classifications and clinical overlapping.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were obtained by the Italian Registry of Functional Motor Disorders. Patients identified with multiple or \u201ccombined\u201d FMDs by standardized clinical assessments were selected to be analyzed. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis was performed based on FMDs phenomenology. Multivariate analysis was then performed after adjustment for principal confounding variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a study population of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 410 subjects with FMDs, we selected <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 188 subjects [women: 133 (70.7%); age: 47.9 \u00b1 14.4 years; disease duration: 6.4 \u00b1 7.7 years] presenting combined FMDs to be analyzed. Based on motor phenotype, two independent clusters were identified: Cluster C1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 82; 43.6%) and Cluster C2 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 106; 56.4%). Cluster C1 was characterized by functional tremor plus parkinsonism as the main clinical phenotype. Cluster C2 mainly included subjects with functional weakness. Cluster C1 included older subjects suffering from anxiety who were more treated with botulinum toxin and antiepileptics. Cluster C2 included younger subjects referring to different associated symptoms, such as pain, headache, and visual disturbances, who were more treated with antidepressants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a data-driven approach of clinical data from the Italian registry, we differentiated clinical subtypes among combined FMDs to be validated by prospective studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.987593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T05:04:36Z","timestamp":1669611876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Data-driven clustering of combined Functional Motor Disorders based on the Italian 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