{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:09:03Z","timestamp":1792084143319,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to analyze prepulse inhibition (PPI) impairment of the blink reflex in patients with primary blepharospasm (BSP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 30 BSP patients and 20 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Weak electrical stimulation was applied to the right index finger at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 120, 200, and 300 ms before the supraorbital nerve stimulation to investigate PPI size [PPI size = (1 \u2013 R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> area at prepulse trials\/R<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> area at baseline trials) \u00d7 100%].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prepulse stimulus significantly inhibited the <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> component at the three ISIs in both groups, but less inhibition was shown in the BSP group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). In HCs, the prepulse stimulus induced prolonged <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2c<\/jats:sub> latencies at the three ISIs and increased the <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> amplitude at ISIs of 120 ms; these changes were absent in BSP patients. In the BSP group, patients with sensory tricks showed better PPI than patients without sensory tricks. Disease duration and motor symptom severity showed no significant correlation with PPI size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In BSP patients, PPI was impaired while <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> facilitation was absent. PPI size did not correlate with the motor symptom severity and disease duration. Patients with sensory tricks showed better PPI than those without sensory tricks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1105483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T07:18:06Z","timestamp":1675235886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Elucidation of the mechanism underlying impaired sensorimotor gating in patients with primary blepharospasm using prepulse inhibition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xinqing","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanhua","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85","article-title":"Update on blepharospasm: Report from the BEBRF International Workshop","volume":"71","author":"Hallett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10398","article-title":"Role of the somatosensory system in primary dystonia","volume":"18","author":"Tinazzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09484-w","article-title":"Motor and non-motor symptoms in blepharospasm: Clinical and pathophysiological implications","volume":"266","author":"Ferrazzano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318296e99d","article-title":"Is increased blinking a form of blepharospasm?","volume":"80","author":"Conte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9848070","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9848070","article-title":"Does the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold change over time in focal dystonia?","volume":"2017","author":"Conte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12054","article-title":"Sensory tricks in focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm","volume":"20","author":"Loyola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306971","article-title":"Tricks in dystonia: Ordering the complexity","volume":"85","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23011","article-title":"The phenomenology of the geste antagoniste in primary blepharospasm and cervical dystonia","volume":"25","author":"Martino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26934","article-title":"Blepharospasm 40 years later","volume":"32","author":"Defazio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2842","article-title":"Animal model explains the origins of the cranial dystonia benign essential blepharospasm","volume":"77","author":"Schicatano","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05773-3","article-title":"Plasticity and dystonia: A hypothesis shrouded in variability","volume":"238","author":"Sadnicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25532","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the physiological basis of dystonia","volume":"28","author":"Quartarone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110808","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110808","article-title":"Neurodegeneration and sensorimotor function","volume":"10","author":"Bologna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316250","article-title":"Pathogenesis of dystonia: Is it of cerebellar or basal ganglia origin?","volume":"89","author":"Kaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1975.tb01284.x","article-title":"The more or less startling effects of weak prestimulation","volume":"12","author":"Graham","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100811","article-title":"Pharmacological studies of prepulse inhibition models of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia: A decade in review","volume":"156","author":"Geyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90180-L","article-title":"Isolation rearing of rats produces a deficit in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle similar to that in schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Geyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00302.x","article-title":"Modification of the acoustic startle reflex by a tactile prepulse: The effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and prepulse intensity","volume":"24","author":"Blumenthal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.9.774","article-title":"Gating of trigemino-facial reflex from low-threshold trigeminal and extratrigeminal cutaneous fibres in humans","volume":"55","author":"Rossi","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810140081011","article-title":"Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies","volume":"47","author":"Braff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.308","article-title":"Impaired sensorimotor gating in unmedicated adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"37","author":"Ahmari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.05.013","article-title":"Deficient prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia in a multi-site cohort: Internal replication and extension","volume":"198","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.06.028","article-title":"Pedunculopontine tegmental Nucleus-evoked prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex in Parkinson's disease","volume":"132","author":"Insola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.09.013","article-title":"Deficient median nerve prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex in cervical dystonia","volume":"127","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.9.1233","article-title":"Sensory modulation of the blink reflex in patients with blepharospasm","volume":"55","author":"G\u00f3mez-Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.195","article-title":"Evidence for a role of progesterone in menstrual cycle-related variability in prepulse inhibition in healthy young women","volume":"35","author":"Kumari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221133469","article-title":"The influence of stimulus onset asynchrony, task order, sex and hormonal contraception on prepulse inhibition and prepulse facilitation: Methodological considerations for drug and imaging research","volume":"36","author":"Naysmith","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100810","article-title":"Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: Normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies","volume":"156","author":"Braff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00065-0","article-title":"Changes in sensorimotor inhibition across the menstrual cycle: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"41","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22368","article-title":"Relationship between various clinical outcome assessments in patients with blepharospasm","volume":"24","author":"Jankovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27706","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex is abnormal in functional movement disorders","volume":"34","author":"Hanzl\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(02)00126-6","article-title":"The relationship of age to prepulse inhibition and habituation of the acoustic startle response","volume":"62","author":"Ellwanger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200503000-00010","article-title":"Startle modulation in Caucasian-Americans and Asian-Americans: A prelude to genetic\/endophenotypic studies across the 'Pacific Rim'","volume":"15","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.07.001","article-title":"Unravelling mechanisms of altered modulation of trigemino-facial circuits in blepharospasm","volume":"130","author":"Baione","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(99)80039-2","article-title":"A neurophysiological approach to brainstem reflexes. Blink reflex","volume":"29","author":"Esteban","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50645","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050645","article-title":"Effects of transcranial ultrasound stimulation on trigeminal blink reflex excitability","volume":"11","author":"Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00215-4","article-title":"Azimuthal directional sensitivity of prepulse inhibition of the pinna startle reflex in decerebrate rats","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.107.1.104","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats after lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus","volume":"107","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13644","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1292-11.2011","article-title":"Differentially organized top-down modulation of prepulse inhibition of startle","volume":"31","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13310","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13310","article-title":"Thermoalgesic stimuli induce prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex and affect conscious perception in healthy humans","volume":"56","author":"Correa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ns0807s03","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0807s03","article-title":"Measurement of startle response, prepulse inhibition, and habituation","volume":"8","author":"Geyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033326","article-title":"Using an animal model of deficient sensorimotor gating to study the pathophysiology and new treatments of schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(02)00123-3","article-title":"Neural correlates of tactile prepulse inhibition: A functional MRI study in normal and schizophrenic subjects","volume":"122","author":"Kumari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04347-z","article-title":"Does the network model fits neurophysiological abnormalities in blepharospasm?","volume":"41","author":"Mascia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.05.002","article-title":"Effects of two weeks of cerebellar theta burst stimulation in cervical dystonia patients","volume":"7","author":"Koch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12186","article-title":"Cerebellum-dependent associative learning deficits in primary dystonia are normalized by rTMS and practice","volume":"38","author":"Hoffland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/10\/0814","article-title":"Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and diffusion tensor imaging in surgical targeting","volume":"107","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00095-2","article-title":"Basal ganglia efferents to the brainstem centers controlling postural muscle tone and locomotion: A new concept for understanding motor disorders in basal ganglia dysfunction","volume":"119","author":"Takakusaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00235","article-title":"Multiple neural networks malfunction in primary blepharospasm: An independent components analysis","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00519-9","article-title":"The \u2018geste antagonistique' induces transient modulation of the blink reflex in human patients with blepharospasm","volume":"251","author":"G\u00f3mez-Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.1.42","article-title":"Abnormal central integration of a dual somatosensory input in dystonia. Evidence for sensory overflow","volume":"123","author":"Tinazzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1174368","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1105483\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T16:00:33Z","timestamp":1678896033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1105483\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2023.1105483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1105483","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1174368","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"article-number":"1105483"}}