{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:04:25Z","timestamp":1792757065402,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91948302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91948302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82202798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82021002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82021002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC2002300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC2002300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC2002301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC2002301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The activation patterns and functional network characteristics between stroke survivors and healthy individuals based on resting-or task-state neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques have been extensively explored. However, the discrepancy between stroke patients at different recovery stages remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the changes in brain connectivity and network topology between subacute and chronic patients, and hope to provide a basis for rehabilitation strategies at different stages after stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen stroke survivors were assigned to the subacute group (SG, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099) and chronic group (CG, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096). They were asked to perform hand grasping under active, passive, and MI conditions when recording EEG. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity subscale (FMA_UE), modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Manual Muscle Test (MMT), grip and pinch strength, modified Barthel Index (MBI), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Functional connectivity analyses showed significant interactions on frontal, parietal and occipital lobes connections in each frequency band, particularly in the delta band. The coupling strength of premotor cortex, M1, S1 and several connections linked to frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes in subacute subjects were lower than in chronic subjects in low alpha, high alpha, low beta, and high beta bands. Nodal clustering coefficient (CC) analyses revealed that the CC in chronic subjects was higher than in subacute subjects in the ipsilesional S1 and occipital area, contralesional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal area. Characteristic path length (CPL) analyses showed that CPL in subacute subjects was lower than in chronic subjects in low beta, high beta, and gamma bands. There were no significant differences between subacute and chronic subjects for small-world property.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subacute stroke survivors were characterized by higher transfer efficiency of the entire brain network and weak local nodal effects. Transfer efficiency was reduced, the local nodal role was strengthened, and more neural resources needed to be mobilized to perform motor tasks for chronic survivors. Overall, these results may help to understand the remodeling pattern of the brain network for different post-stroke stages on task conditions and the mechanism of spontaneous recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1143955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T11:29:48Z","timestamp":1689766188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Brain network characteristics between subacute and chronic stroke survivors in active, imagery, passive movement task: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yifang","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zewu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gege","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haolong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XiaoYang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e404","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00066-4","article-title":"Prevalence of stroke in China: overestimated?","volume":"7","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","article-title":"Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery","volume":"47","author":"Winstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-022-00915-y","article-title":"Relation between eeg measures and upper limb motor recovery in stroke patients: a scoping review","volume":"35","author":"Milani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320921824","article-title":"Resting state functional connectivity is associated with motor pathway integrity and upper-limb behavior in chronic stroke","volume":"34","author":"Hordacre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146338","article-title":"Study of the activation in sensorimotor cortex and topological properties of functional brain network following focal vibration on healthy subjects and subacute stroke patients: an eeg study","volume":"1722","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-1424.2016.02.011","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of active, passive and imaginary movement","volume":"38","author":"Limin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.147935","article-title":"Cortical mapping of active and passive upper limb training in stroke patients and healthy people: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"2022","author":"Xia","year":"1788","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-131002","article-title":"Robot-aided neurorehabilitation in sub-acute and chronic stroke: does spontaneous recovery have a limited impact on outcome?","volume":"33","author":"Colombo","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026676118","article-title":"Critical period after stroke study (cpass): a phase ii clinical trial testing an optimal time for motor recovery after stroke in humans","volume":"118","author":"Dromerick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00959-x","article-title":"Restoring after central nervous system injuries: neural mechanisms and translational applications of motor recovery","volume":"38","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.039","article-title":"Advanced neurotechnologies for the restoration of motor function","volume":"105","author":"Micera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0409-4","article-title":"Recovery of kinematic arm function in well-performing people with subacute stroke: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Thrane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017711816","article-title":"Agreed definitions and a shared vision for new standards in stroke recovery research: the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable taskforce","volume":"12","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008","article-title":"Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fmri functional connectivity","volume":"20","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22646","article-title":"Spatial and temporal functional connectivity changes between resting and attentive states","volume":"36","author":"Bray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1713-20.2021","article-title":"The functional relevance of task-state functional connectivity","volume":"41","author":"Cole","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.546599","article-title":"Electroencephalography mu rhythm changes and decreased spasticity after repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation in patients following stroke","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00149-w","article-title":"Errors in proprioceptive matching post-stroke are associated with impaired recruitment of parietal, supplementary motor, and temporal cortices","volume":"13","author":"Kenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e178822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178822","article-title":"Eeg-based motor network biomarkers for identifying target patients with stroke for upper limb rehabilitation and its construct validity","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116023","article-title":"Functional connectivity of brain associated with passive range of motion exercise: proprioceptive input promoting motor activation?","volume":"202","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage (Orlando, Fla)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.08.004","article-title":"Functional significance of the ipsilateral hemisphere during movement of the affected hand after stroke","volume":"190","author":"Serrien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316662525","article-title":"Small-world characteristics of cortical connectivity changes in acute stroke","volume":"31","author":"Caliandro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.039","article-title":"Multiscale topological properties of functional brain networks during motor imagery after stroke","volume":"83","author":"De Vico","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139441","article-title":"Analysis of time-dependent brain network on active and mi tasks for chronic stroke patients","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2476481","article-title":"Event-related beta eeg changes during active, passive movement and functional electrical stimulation of the lower limb","volume":"24","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14065","article-title":"Motor network reorganization after motor imagery training in stroke patients with moderate to severe upper limb impairment","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.03.006","article-title":"Parietofrontal network upregulation after motor stroke","volume":"18","author":"B\u00f6nstrup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage: Clin"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.04.029","article-title":"Identifying true brain interaction from eeg data using the imaginary part of coherency","volume":"115","author":"Nolte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.03.069","article-title":"Weight-conserving characterization of complex functional brain networks","volume":"56","author":"Rubinov","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.007","article-title":"Neural coupling between contralesional motor and frontoparietal networks correlates with motor ability in individuals with chronic stroke","volume":"384","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.076","article-title":"Nonlinear coupling between occipital and motor cortex during motor imagery: a dynamic causal modeling study","volume":"71","author":"van Wijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv100","article-title":"Parietofrontal motor pathways and their association with motor function after stroke","volume":"138","author":"Schulz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.028932","article-title":"Low-frequency oscillations are a biomarker of injury and recovery after stroke","volume":"51","author":"Cassidy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940845","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.940845","article-title":"Oscillatory beta\/alpha band modulations: a potential biomarker of functional language and motor recovery in chronic stroke?","volume":"16","author":"Ulanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119805","article-title":"Corticospinal excitability is highest at the early rising phase of sensorimotor micro-rhythm","volume":"266","author":"Zrenner","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2021.706630","article-title":"The differences between motor attempt and motor imagery in brain-computer interface accuracy and event-related desynchronization of patients with hemiplegia","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurorobot"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00564","article-title":"Does motor imagery share neural networks with executed movement: a multivariate fmri analysis","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118794","article-title":"Asymmetric directed functional connectivity within the frontoparietal motor network during motor imagery and execution","volume":"247","author":"Ogawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2021.0070","article-title":"Altered functional networks of alpha and low-beta bands during upper limb movement and association with motor impairment in chronic stroke","author":"Shim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq043","article-title":"Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-220107","article-title":"Functional network characteristics based on eeg of patients in acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1143955\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T11:30:04Z","timestamp":1689766204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1143955\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2023.1143955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1143955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"article-number":"1143955"}}