{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:07:35Z","timestamp":1791216455526,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a group of acquired muscle diseases with muscle inflammation, weakness, and other extra-muscular manifestations. IIMs can significantly impact the quality of life, and management of IIMs often requires a multi-disciplinary approach. Imaging biomarkers have become an integral part of the management of IIMs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), muscle ultrasound, electrical impedance myography (EIM), and positron emission tomography (PET) are the most widely used imaging technologies in IIMs. They can help make the diagnosis and assess the burden of muscle damage and treatment response. MRI is the most widely used imaging biomarker of IIMs and can assess a large volume of muscle tissue but is limited by availability and cost. Muscle ultrasound and EIM are easy to administer and can even be performed in the clinical setting, but they need further validation. These technologies may complement muscle strength testing and laboratory studies and provide an objective assessment of muscle health in IIMs. Furthermore, this is a rapidly progressing field, and new advances are going to equip care providers with a better objective assessment of IIMS and eventually improve patient management. This review discusses the current state and future direction of imaging biomarkers in IIMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1146015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T04:48:13Z","timestamp":1682398093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Imaging biomarkers in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adeel S.","family":"Zubair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharfaraz","family":"Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazen M.","family":"Dimachkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12194","article-title":"Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of myositis: recent advances","volume":"175","author":"Carstens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1506827","article-title":"Inflammatory muscle diseases","volume":"373","author":"Dalakas","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.04.007","article-title":"Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"32","author":"Dimachkie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40320","article-title":"2017 European league against rheumatism\/american college of rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups","volume":"69","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12524","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"280","author":"Lundberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2598","article-title":"Development of a new classification system for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies based on clinical manifestations and myositis-specific autoantibodies","volume":"75","author":"Mariampillai","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.04.001","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis","volume":"32","author":"Dimachkie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0658-8","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis: update on pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Naddaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.11.001","article-title":"The role of magnetic resonance imaging techniques in evaluation and management of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"46","author":"Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-180318","article-title":"MRI-guided biopsy as a tool for diagnosis and research of muscle disorders","volume":"5","author":"Lassche","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S295","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.suppl_1.g00oc18s295","article-title":"Abnormal signal intensity in skeletal muscle at MR imaging: patterns, pearls, and pitfalls","volume":"20","author":"May","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"74","article-title":"The role of imaging in evaluating patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"36","author":"Kubinova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"1693","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"18","author":"Fraser","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1572507","article-title":"Imaging in the diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies; 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