{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:50:57Z","timestamp":1791402657120,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Minor hallucinations (MHs) are the most common psychiatric symptom associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PDPsy), but little is known about their characteristics in different motor phenotypes, especially postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD). The aim of this study was to explore the clinical features of MHs in different subtypes of PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, 213 patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) were recruited, and the data obtained included comprehensive demographics, motor subtypes, clinical scale scores, and MH contents. Motor subtypes were classified as tremor-dominant (TD), PIGD or indeterminate according to Stebbins\u2019 method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 213 PD patients were included: 90 (42.3%) TD patients, 98 (46.0%) PIGD patients and 25 (11.7%) indeterminate. In total, 70 (32.9%) patients experienced MHs. Compared to patients with the TD phenotype, we found that patients with the PIGD phenotype had more severe motor and nonmotor symptoms. They also had a higher incidence of visual illusions (VIs) and a shorter MH latency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study demonstrated that compared to patients with the TD phenotype, patients with the PIGD phenotype had a higher incidence of MHs, especially VIs, which may lead to a higher incidence of visual hallucinations (VHs). They also had a shorter latency of MHs than patients with the TD phenotype, suggesting an earlier onset of MHs and a worse prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1158188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T05:28:00Z","timestamp":1679635680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical features of minor hallucinations in different phenotypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yaxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinyin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1686-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease","volume":"124","author":"Tysnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25383","article-title":"How to identify tremor dominant and postural instability\/gait difficulty groups with the movement disorder society unified Parkinson's disease rating scale: comparison with the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale","volume":"28","author":"Stebbins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3522-z","article-title":"Disease progression in Parkinson subtypes: the PPMI dataset","volume":"39","author":"Aleksovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1349-1","article-title":"Cognitive function and other non-motor features in non-demented Parkinson's disease motor subtypes","volume":"122","author":"Herman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12461","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms and quality of life in tremor dominant vs postural instability gait disorder Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"133","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44872","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44872","article-title":"Phenotype of postural instability\/gait difficulty in Parkinson disease: relevance to cognitive impairment and mechanism relating pathological proteins and neurotransmitters","volume":"7","author":"Zuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70146-0","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a retrospective autopsy study","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007913","article-title":"Minor hallucinations in Parkinson disease: a subtle symptom with major clinical implications","volume":"93","author":"Lenka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26432","article-title":"Minor hallucinations occur in drug-naive Parkinson's disease patients, even from the premotor phase","volume":"31","author":"Pagonabarraga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.05.025","article-title":"Clinical milestones in Parkinson's disease: a 7-year population-based incident cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Bjornestad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00320-z","article-title":"Parkinson's disease clinical milestones and mortality","volume":"8","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.11.018","article-title":"Interactions of visual hallucinations, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a review","volume":"22","author":"Lenka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13555","article-title":"Minor hallucinations in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder indicative of early phenoconversion: a preliminary study","volume":"145","author":"Sumi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0107-7","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy bodies\u2013from scientific knowledge to clinical insights","volume":"15","author":"Arnaoutoglou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23429","article-title":"Systematic review of levodopa dose equivalency reporting in Parkinson's disease","volume":"25","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3469706","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3469706","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for minor hallucinations in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"2021","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1859-3","article-title":"Who will remain tremor dominant? The possible role of cognitive reserve in the time course of two common Parkinson's disease motor subtypes","volume":"125","author":"Herman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637896","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.637896","article-title":"Consistency and stability of motor subtype classifications in patients with de novo Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.04.027","article-title":"How stable are Parkinson's disease subtypes in de novo patients: analysis of the PPMI cohort?","volume":"28","author":"Simuni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13346","article-title":"A cross-sectional comprehensive assessment of the profile and burden of non-motor symptoms in relation to motor phenotype in the Nigeria Parkinson disease registry cohort","volume":"8","author":"Ojo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S280960","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of the postural instability and gait difficulty subtype in De novo Parkinson's disease patients: a cross-sectional study in a single center","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-021-01950-3","article-title":"Nonmotor symptoms and quality of life in Parkinson's disease with different motor subtypes","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26048","article-title":"Norepinephrine deficiency in Parkinson's disease: the case for noradrenergic enhancement","volume":"29","author":"Espay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00377-X","article-title":"Cholinergic system changes in Parkinson's disease: emerging therapeutic approaches","volume":"21","author":"Bohnen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.05.018","article-title":"Association between motor subtype and visuospatial and executive function in mild-moderate Parkinson disease","volume":"101","author":"Lally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136675","article-title":"Cognitive and affective disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease: perspectives for classifying of motor\/neuropsychiatric subtypes","volume":"781","author":"Shkodina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14576","article-title":"Minor hallucinations reflect early gray matter loss and predict subjective cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease","volume":"28","author":"Bejr-Kasem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26510","article-title":"Nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease subtypes","volume":"31","author":"Marras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.200","article-title":"The psychosis spectrum in Parkinson disease","volume":"13","author":"Ffytche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.06.022","article-title":"Relation between freezing of gait and frontal function in Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Teramoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2017.035","article-title":"Freezing of gait is associated with cortical thinning in mesial frontal cortex","volume":"161","author":"Vastik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303391","article-title":"Neuroanatomical substrates of visual hallucinations in patients with non-demented Parkinson's disease","volume":"83","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25641","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease with visual hallucination","volume":"28","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.07.057","article-title":"The combined effect of REM sleep behavior disorder and hyposmia on cognition and motor phenotype in Parkinson's disease","volume":"368","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6149-z","article-title":"The pedunculopontine nucleus is related to visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: preliminary results of a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"259","author":"Janzen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22691","article-title":"Symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder are associated with cholinergic denervation in Parkinson disease","volume":"71","author":"Kotagal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20582","article-title":"Relationship between hallucinations, delusions, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Pacchetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20719","article-title":"REM sleep behavior disorder, hallucinations, and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Sinforiani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23891","article-title":"Visual symptoms in Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia","volume":"26","author":"Archibald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.07.011","article-title":"Characteristics, correlates, and assessment of psychosis in Parkinson disease without dementia","volume":"43","author":"Barrett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.6.669","article-title":"Levodopa-induced psychosis: a kindling phenomenon","volume":"135","author":"Moskovitz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1<117::aid-mds1019>3.0.co;2-0","article-title":"Hallucinations, sleep fragmentation, and altered dream phenomena in Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Pappert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212838","article-title":"Structural and functional correlates of hallucinations and illusions in Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.023","article-title":"Defining visual illusions in Parkinson's disease: Kinetopsia and object misidentification illusions","volume":"55","author":"Nishio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322702","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in neurological and ophthalmological disease: pathophysiology and management","volume":"91","author":"O'Brien","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21382","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for psychosis in Parkinson's disease: report of an NINDS","volume":"22","author":"Ravina","year":"2007","journal-title":"NIMH Work Group Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4929","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in dementia and Parkinson's disease: a qualitative exploration of patient and caregiver experiences","volume":"33","author":"Renouf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900017284","article-title":"Psychosis in Parkinson's disease: phenomenology, frequency, risk factors, and current understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"F\u00e9nelon","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1158188\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T05:28:03Z","timestamp":1679635683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1158188\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2023.1158188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1158188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"article-number":"1158188"}}