{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:04:21Z","timestamp":1753891461704,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anatomical network analysis (AnNA) is a systems biological framework based on network theory that enables anatomical structural analysis by incorporating modularity to model structural complexity. The human brain and facial structures exhibit close structural and functional relationships, suggestive of a co-evolved anatomical network. The present study aimed to analyze the human head as a modular entity that comprises the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and craniofacial skeleton. An AnNA model was built using 39 anatomical nodes from the brain, spinal cord, and craniofacial skeleton. The linkages were identified using peripheral nerve supply and direct contact between structures. The Spinglass algorithm in the igraph software was applied to construct a network and identify the modules of the central nervous system-craniofacial skeleton anatomical network. Two modules were identified. These comprised an anterior module, which included the forebrain, anterior cranial base, and upper-middle face, and a posterior module, which included the midbrain, hindbrain, mandible, and posterior cranium. These findings may reflect the genetic and signaling networks that drive the mosaic central nervous system and craniofacial development and offer important systems biology perspectives for developmental disorders of craniofacial structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1164283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T09:09:29Z","timestamp":1690967369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anatomical network modules of the human central nervous-craniofacial skeleton system"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gele","family":"Qing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fucang","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s13752-014-0175-x","article-title":"Connecting the dots: anatomical network analysis in morphological EvoDevo","volume":"9","author":"Diogo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Theory"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bio056176","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.056176","article-title":"A node-based informed modularity strategy to identify organizational modules in anatomical networks","volume":"9","author":"Esteve-Altava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8298","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08298","article-title":"Anatomical networks reveal the musculoskeletal modularity of the human head","volume":"5","author":"Esteve-Altava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00049","article-title":"The nervous system orchestrates and integrates craniofacial development: a review","volume":"7","author":"Adameyko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu489","article-title":"Co-ordinated brain and craniofacial development depend upon Patched1\/XIAP regulation of cell survival","volume":"24","author":"Aoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20710","article-title":"Mechanisms that underlie co-variation of the brain and face","volume":"49","author":"Marcucio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22729","article-title":"Epigenetic integration of the developing brain and face","volume":"240","author":"Parsons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12343","article-title":"The human brain and face: mechanisms of cranial, neurological and facial development revealed through malformations of holoprosencephaly, cyclopia and aberrations in chromosome 18","volume":"227","author":"Gondr\u00e9-Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2015.09.001","article-title":"Facial morphogenesis: physical and molecular interactions between the brain and the face","volume":"115","author":"Marcucio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620735","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.620735","article-title":"Insights into the complexity of craniofacial development from a cellular perspective","volume":"8","author":"Murillo-Rinc\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610970","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.610970","article-title":"Why does the face predict the brain? 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