{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:01:34Z","timestamp":1789156894763,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acoustic stimulation can improve motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and might therefore represent a potential non-invasive treatment option. Scalp electroencephalography studies in healthy subjects indicate that specifically binaural beat stimulation (BBS) in the gamma frequency range is associated with synchronized cortical oscillations at 40 Hertz (Hz). Several studies suggest that oscillations in the gamma-frequency range (&amp;gt;30\u2009Hz) serve a prokinetic function in PD. In this double-blind, randomized study, 25 PD patients were recruited. The study was conducted with (ON) and without dopaminergic medication (OFF). Each drug condition consisted of two phases (no stimulation and acoustic stimulation). The acoustic stimulation phase was divided into two blocks including BBS and conventional acoustic stimulation (CAS) as a control condition. For BBS, a modulated frequency of 35\u2009Hz was used (left: 320\u2009Hz; right: 355\u2009Hz) and for CAS 340\u2009Hz on both sides. We assessed effects on motor performance using Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and two validated commercially available portable devices (Kinesia ONE\u2122 and Kinesia 360\u2122) measuring motor symptoms such as dyskinesia, bradykinesia, and tremor. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that BBS improved resting tremor on the side of the more affected limb in the OFF condition, as measured by wearables (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(2,48)<\/jats:sub> =\u20093.61, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.035). However, BBS did not exert a general positive effect on motor symptoms as assessed via MDS-UPDRS (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(2,48)<\/jats:sub> =\u20091.00, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.327). For CAS, we did not observe an improvement in specific symptoms but rather an overall beneficial effect on motor performance (MDS-UPDRS total score OFF medication: <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(2,48)<\/jats:sub> =\u20094.17, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.021; wearable scores: <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(2,48)<\/jats:sub> =\u20092.46, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.097). In this study, we found an improvement of resting tremor when applying BBS in the gamma frequency band OFF medication. Moreover, the positive effects of CAS underline the general positive potential for improvement of motor function by acoustically supported therapeutic approaches. However, more studies are needed to fully characterize the clinical relevance of BBS and to further optimize its ameliorating effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1167006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T06:02:45Z","timestamp":1683266565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Binaural acoustic stimulation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Calvano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Timmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp Alexander","family":"Loehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina Renate","family":"Oehrn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immo","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7","article-title":"The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Ascherio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.105","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Ashkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00178","article-title":"Review of the neural oscillations 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