{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1777324860534,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chorea is a movement disorder characterized by abrupt, rapid, and uncontrollable, random movements from one part of the body to another with motor impersistence. Sporadic chorea is rarely caused by either thyrotoxicosis or Moyamoya disease (MMD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this case report, we describe a female patient with chorea with the rare coexistence of Graves' disease and Moyamoya disease. Tc-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed mild to moderate hypoperfusion in bilateral frontal and left temporal regions. After administering dexamethasone 20 mg for 5 days, her choreic movement symptoms recovered rapidly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although uncommon, thyrotoxicosis and Moyamoya disease can co-occur, especially in Asian female adults. Excessive thyroid hormones contribute to the dysregulation of neurotransmitters in basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits. Moyamoya disease is responsible for ischemic changes affecting the excitatory\u2013inhibitory circuits between the basal ganglia and the neocortex. Under a state of coexistence, thyrotoxicosis exaggerates cerebral metabolism, aggravating the impaired cerebral perfusion induced by Moyamoya disease. Moreover, inflammatory reactions caused by thyroid autoantibodies may also promote the progression of Moyamoya disease. In our experience, treatment with steroids may not only synergize the anti-thyroid effect but may also be a way to modulate the neurotransmitters within the basal ganglia or restore cerebral perfusion. We suggest that evaluation of the thyroid function status in Moyamoya disease is essential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1170837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T09:58:52Z","timestamp":1687946332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case report: Steroid-responsive acute chorea as first presentation of the coexistence of Moyamoya and Graves' disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei-Sheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shey-Lin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chieh","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Chung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52014-2.00020-3","article-title":"Hyperthyroid chorea","volume":"100","author":"Docherty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1607967","article-title":"Moyamoya syndrome manifesting with choreiform movements","volume":"49","author":"Hamamoto Filho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23130","article-title":"Movement disorders associated with moyamoya disease: a report of 4 new cases and a review of literatures","volume":"25","author":"Baik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.6.1013","article-title":"Moyamoya disease associated with Graves disease: special considerations regarding clinical significance and management","volume":"102","author":"Im","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20119","article-title":"Bilateral chorea-ballism associated with hyperthyroidism","volume":"19","author":"Risti\u0107","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29218","article-title":"Gaps, controversies, and proposed roadmap for research in poststroke movement disorders","volume":"37","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.155","article-title":"Steroid-responsive acute left-arm chorea as a presenting symptom of moyamoya disease","volume":"48","author":"Cavallieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Steroid Responsive Chorea in Moyamoya Disease: Illustrative Cases. 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