{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T10:50:41Z","timestamp":1764240641294,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, sympathetic skin response (SSR) characteristics were explored in children with Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) and the value of early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in GBS complicated by autonomic dysfunction (AD) was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 25 children with GBS and 30 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this prospective study. SSR findings for the two groups were compared. SSR and nerve conduction study (NCS) results were compared among patients with GBS, and differences in clinical characteristics between the groups with abnormal and normal SSR were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within the GBS group, six patients (24%) required mechanical ventilation, 17 patients (66.7%) had AD, 18 patients (72%) had an abnormal SSR, and 13 patients (52%) had AD combined with SSR abnormalities. There was a statistically significant difference in SSR latency in the lower limbs between the GBS group and HCs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between SSR and NCS results in the acute phase of GBS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the rate of AD or in Hughes functional grade at nadir between the groups with abnormal and normal SSR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt;0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference between the results of SSR and NCS tests during the recovery phase (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003). Abnormal SSR mainly occurred in cases of the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) subtype. In addition, SSR was abnormal in all pediatric GBS patients with poor prognosis 1 month after onset of symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two-thirds of the children with GBS have AD. SSR could be used for early diagnosis and follow-up of GBS and may also be helpful in evaluating disease severity and short-term prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1177394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T05:17:20Z","timestamp":1686287840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sympathetic skin response (SSR) in pediatric Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mei","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Libo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzhen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.121","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100302","article-title":"Incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) in China: a national population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-018-0542-y","article-title":"Autonomic involvement in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome: an update","volume":"29","author":"Zaeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2022.2082963","article-title":"Deltoid muscle strength and autonomic dysfunction as independent risk factors for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"3","author":"L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00793-6","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome puts patients at risk","volume":"32","author":"Kondziella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.65926","article-title":"Selective autonomic screening in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Yerdelen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol INDIA"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Association of peripheral autonomic neuropathy and sympathetic skin response in the patients with diabetic polyneuropathy: a pilot study in Thailand","volume":"98","author":"Gerawarapong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000226","article-title":"Sympathetic skin response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Miscio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2011.08.003","article-title":"Sympathetic skin response (SSR) in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome: a case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Aghamollaii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0250-9","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in ten steps","volume":"15","author":"Leonhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Re. 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