{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:15:17Z","timestamp":1787987717254,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Up to 80% of post-stroke patients present upper-limb motor impairment (ULMI), causing functional limitations in daily activities and loss of independence. UMLI is seldom fully recovered after stroke when using conventional therapeutic approaches. Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy (FEST) controlled by Brain\u2013Computer Interface (BCI) is an alternative that may induce neuroplastic changes, even in chronic post-stroke patients. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of a P300-based BCI-controlled FEST intervention, for ULMI recovery of chronic post-stroke patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A non-randomized pilot study was conducted, including 14 patients divided into 2 groups: BCI-FEST, and Conventional Therapy. Assessments of Upper limb functionality with Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), performance impairment with Fugl\u2013Meyer assessment (FMA), Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and spasticity through Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) were performed at baseline and after carrying out 20 therapy sessions, and the obtained scores compared using Chi square and Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> statistical tests (\ud835\udefc\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After training, we found statistically significant differences between groups for FMA (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012), ARAT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and FIM (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025) scales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It has been shown that FEST controlled by a P300-based BCI, may be more effective than conventional therapy to improve ULMI after stroke, regardless of chronicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the proposed BCI-FEST intervention are promising, even for the most chronic post-stroke patients often relegated from novel interventions, whose expected recovery with conventional therapy is very low. It is necessary to carry out a randomized controlled trial in the future with a larger sample of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1221160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T07:45:31Z","timestamp":1692344731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Functional electrical stimulation therapy controlled by a P300-based brain\u2013computer interface, as a therapeutic alternative for upper limb motor function recovery in chronic post-stroke patients. A non-randomized pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ana G.","family":"Ramirez-Nava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Mercado-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimena","family":"Quinza\u00f1os-Fresnedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthya","family":"Toledo-Peral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Vega-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Ibrahin","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Refugio","family":"Pacheco-Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012781","article-title":"Global epidemiology of stroke and access to acute ischemic stroke interventions","volume":"97","author":"Saini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30415-6","article-title":"Advances and challenges in stroke rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Stinear","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70150-4","article-title":"Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Langhorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00912","article-title":"Impaired motor function in the affected arm predicts impaired postural balance after stroke: a cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Rafsten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30283-1","article-title":"Prediction of motor recovery after stroke: advances in biomarkers","volume":"16","author":"Stinear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet. 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