{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:39:45Z","timestamp":1789763985193,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy (HE) is a controversial immunological neuropsychiatric disease, with a poorly understood pathogenesis. It is characterized by symptoms of acute or subacute encephalopathy which usually occur in the presence of elevated levels of antithyroid antibodies. Even though it is also known as steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), some cases appear to be steroid-resistant. This review examined whether treatment of Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is associated with better clinical outcomes than the standard therapy. Additionally, we presented a case of a 59-year-old man who presented with severe neurological manifestations and was successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The online databases PubMed and EMBASE were searched.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1,365 articles were identified. After the deletion of 112 duplicates, 1,253 studies were screened by evaluating the title and abstract, focusing on Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy cases where IVIG were used. 846 studies were excluded because they were not relevant to the topic or included pediatric population. Therefore, 407 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. The final analysis included 14 eligible articles after 393 were excluded (irrelevant texts, not written in English, full-text not available). In the majority of the selected case-reports, IVIG was associated with a good outcome, sometimes even with dramatic improvements in patient\u2019s status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In last years, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy proved its utility in Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy\u2019s treatment, being a well tolerated therapy associated with remarkable improvement in patient\u2019s status. Further research is still needed in order to define the optimal treatment protocol for Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy and to establish if intravenous immunoglobulin can also be used as a first-line therapy, alone or in combination with steroids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1243787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T16:54:38Z","timestamp":1694105678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy: case based review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Victori\u0163a","family":"\u015eorodoc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Constantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Asaftei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lina","family":"Lionte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Ceasovschih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"S\u00eerbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca Ecaterina","family":"Haliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren\u0163iu","family":"\u015eorodoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rhu.0000147055.27513.f8","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy (autoimmune encephalitis)","volume":"10","author":"S\u00e1nchez Contreras","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4088\/pcc.v09n0411f","article-title":"A case of Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy manifesting as psychosis","volume":"9","author":"G\u00f3mez-Bernal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prim Care Comp J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(66)92876-5","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s disease and encephalopathy","volume":"288","author":"Brain","year":"1966","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1741487","article-title":"Shirah, Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy masquerading as rapidly progressive dementia and extrapyramidal failure","volume":"13","author":"Aladdin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17063","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17063","article-title":"A case of steroid-responsive encephalopathy","volume":"13","author":"Kondramashin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.25270\/con.2020.10.00022","article-title":"A case of Hashimoto encephalopathy with long-term follow-up","volume":"60","author":"Walia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Consultant"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1197_19","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy in association with retinitis pigmentosa \u2013 first reported case","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2019.4.20190016","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy presenting with progressive cerebellar Ataxia","volume":"24","author":"Algahtani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1530\/edm-17-0117","article-title":"A novel assessment and treatment approach to patients with Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy","volume":"2018","author":"Laycock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0823-4","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s encephalitis associated with AMPAR2 antibodies: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874414554299","article-title":"Hashimoto encephalopathy or Neurosarcoidosis? 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