{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:40:56Z","timestamp":1790991656979,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is considered a rare variant of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS), a group of acute-onset immune-mediated neuropathies characterized by the classic triad of ataxia, areflexia, and ophthalmoparesis. The present review aimed to provide a detailed and updated profile of all aspects of the syndrome through a collection of published articles on the subject, ranging from the initial description to recent developments related to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases and gray literature, including references from the identified studies, review studies, and conference abstracts on this topic. We used all MeSH terms pertaining to \u201cMiller Fisher syndrome,\u201d \u201cMiller Fisher,\u201d \u201cFisher syndrome,\u201d and \u201canti-GQ1b antibody.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An extensive bibliography was researched and summarized in the review from an initial profile of MFS since its description to the recent accounts of diagnosis in COVID-19 patients. MFS is an immune-mediated disease with onset most frequently following infection. Anti-ganglioside GQ1b antibodies, detected in ~85% of patients, play a role in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. There are usually no abnormalities in MFS through routine neuroimaging. In rare cases, neuroimaging shows nerve root enhancement and signs of the involvement of the central nervous system. The most consistent electrophysiological findings in MFS are reduced sensory nerve action potentials and absent H reflexes. Although MFS is generally self-limited and has excellent prognosis, rare recurrent forms have been documented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article gives an updated narrative review of MFS with special emphasis on clinical characteristics, neurophysiology, treatment, and prognosis of MFS patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1250774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T02:22:39Z","timestamp":1692930159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Miller Fisher syndrome: an updated narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ciro Maria","family":"Noioso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Bevilacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella Maria","family":"Acerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Della Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Vinciguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Piscosquito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Toriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniello","family":"Iovino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Miller Fisher's syndrome","volume-title":"Seminars in Neurology","author":"Teener","year":"2012"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2009.02951.x","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome in southern Chinese children: 32 year experience in Hong Kong","volume":"52","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Int Off J Jpn Pediatr Soc."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"471","article-title":"Miller-Fisher syndrome at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital","volume":"92","author":"Lolekha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.2.218","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome variants in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, 1992-3: incidence, clinical features, and prognosis. Emilia-Romagna Study Group on clinical and epidemiological problems in neurology","volume":"65","author":"Clinical","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"311","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome. Experience in a third level hospital","volume":"53","author":"T\u00e9llez-Zenteno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Investig Clin Organo Hosp Enfermedades Nutr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.138","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 and Miller Fisher syndromes\u2014new diagnostic classification","volume":"10","author":"Wakerley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"601","article-title":"Peripheral neuritis. The Morrison Lectures, 1932, delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, May 1932","volume":"39","author":"Collier","year":"1932","journal-title":"Edinb Med J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195607122550201","article-title":"An unusual variant of acute idiopathic polyneuritis (syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia)","volume":"255","author":"Fisher","year":"1956","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.5811\/cpcem.2020.7.48507","article-title":"Miller-Fisher syndrome: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Truong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.4.494","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Taiwan: a clinical study of 167 patients","volume":"63","author":"Lyu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.8.1104","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis of Miller Fisher syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Mori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"399","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in childhood","volume":"62","author":"Koll\u00e1r","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ideggyogyaszati Szle."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03445.x","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome: brief overview and update with a focus on electrophysiological findings","volume":"19","author":"Ar\u00e1nyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000226599","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome: 10 years' experience in a third-level center","volume":"62","author":"San-Juan","year":"","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.09.009","article-title":"Bilateral internal ophthalmoplegia as an initial sole manifestation of Miller Fisher syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Bae","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-7-7","article-title":"Unilateral external ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome: case report","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20080701-16","article-title":"Ocular presentation of pediatric Miller-Fisher syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Wertheim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3181b41445","article-title":"Isolated bilateral ptosis as the only ophthalmologic sign in the Fisher variant of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Stalpers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuro-Ophthalmol Off J North Am Neuro-Ophthalmol Soc."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2103081","article-title":"Anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome with visual impairment: a retrospective case series","volume":"21","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"1909","article-title":"Optic neuritis in a patient with Miller-Fisher syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Lolekha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01254.x","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome associated with Burkitt's lymphoma","volume":"13","author":"Gentile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20835","article-title":"Clinical and immunological spectrum of the Miller Fisher syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Lo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"40","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Miller-Fisher syndrome?","volume":"7","author":"Roquer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurol Barc Spain."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0465-5","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome\u2013a presenting clinical manifestation of lung cancer in a previously apparently healthy individual","volume":"251","author":"Cs\u00e9p\u00e1ny","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21814","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 and Miller Fisher syndromes occurring with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist therapy","volume":"54","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7455.1537","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome seen in users of isotretinoin","volume":"328","author":"Pritchard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0000000000000274","article-title":"Pharyngeal-Cervico-Brachial\/Miller Fisher overlap syndrome with infliximab exposure","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000160399.08456.7C","article-title":"Antecedent infections in Fisher syndrome: a common pathogenesis of molecular mimicry","volume":"64","author":"Koga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcle.2019.06.015","article-title":"Autoantibodies in immune-mediated inflammatory neuropathies","volume":"153","author":"Mart\u00edn-Aguilar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Clin."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.10.1911","article-title":"Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies","volume":"43","author":"Chiba","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.05.020","article-title":"Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (Fisher-Bickerstaff syndrome)","volume":"215","author":"Yuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00213-1","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of Miller Fisher syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Willison","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20503","article-title":"Gangliosides contribute to stability of paranodal junctions and ion channel clusters in myelinated nerve fibers","volume":"55","author":"Susuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3431849","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3431849","article-title":"Miller-Fisher syndrome: are anti-GAD antibodies implicated in its pathophysiology?","volume":"2016","author":"Dagklis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.03.009","article-title":"GAD65 epitope mapping and search for novel autoantibodies in GAD-associated neurological disorders","volume":"281","author":"Fouka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.11.008","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome with positivity of anti-GAD antibodies","volume":"115","author":"Pietrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1859502","article-title":"Ataxia and ophthalmoplegia: an atypical case of Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) with anti-GAD antibody","volume":"132","author":"Shoraka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01188-w","article-title":"Stiff-person syndrome and GAD antibody-spectrum disorders: GABAergic neuronal excitability, immunopathogenesis and update on antibody therapies","volume":"19","author":"Dalakas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurother J Am Soc Exp Neurother."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e234814","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-234814","article-title":"Case of Bickerstaff encephalitis with positive glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies","volume":"13","author":"Javaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br Med J Case Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.10.001","article-title":"Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: a narrative review for clinicians","volume":"177","author":"Maury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc Neurol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116824","article-title":"Neurotropism of SARS-CoV 2: mechanisms and manifestations","volume":"412","author":"Conde Cardona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09911-3","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in the COVID-19 era: just an occasional cluster?","volume":"268","author":"Gigli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e601","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009619","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ortiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20939","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13233-w","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome associated with COVID-19: an up-to-date systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009937","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the ALBACOVID registry","volume":"95","author":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2021.102","article-title":"Guillain Barre syndrome as a complication of COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Aladawi","year":"","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e246701","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-246701","article-title":"Miller-Fisher Syndrome and Guillain-Barre Syndrome overlap syndrome in a patient post Oxford-AstraZeneca SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"14","author":"Dang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J Case Rep."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02489-x","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome following BNT162b2 mRNA coronavirus 2019 vaccination","volume":"21","author":"Nishiguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-023-02336-5","article-title":"Miller Fischer syndrome after COVID-19 infection and vaccine: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Neophytou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125753","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2125753","article-title":"Miller-Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome overlap syndrome following inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: case report and scope review","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.11.017","article-title":"Usefulness of anti-GQ1b IgG antibody testing in Fisher syndrome compared with cerebrospinal fluid examination","volume":"148","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302824","article-title":"Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis and Fisher syndrome: anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-0968.1999.00104.x","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome with central involvement: successful treatment with plasmapheresis","volume":"3","author":"Yeh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ther Apher Off J Int Soc Apher Jpn Soc Apher."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"57","article-title":"The Miller Fisher syndrome. Review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Berlit","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(02)00016-1","article-title":"Involvement of the central nervous system in Miller Fisher syndrome: a case report","volume":"104","author":"Tezer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510240043012","article-title":"Upward gaze paralysis as the initial sign of Fisher's syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Keane","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.11.1785","article-title":"Serial 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis","volume":"61","author":"Scheid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.154765","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolism in Fisher syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.06.014","article-title":"Sustained prefrontal activation during ataxic gait: a compensatory mechanism for ataxic stroke?","volume":"37","author":"Mihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314791","article-title":"A brain-stem lesion in the Miller Fisher syndrome demonstrated by CT and MRI","volume":"238","author":"Taphoorn","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314769","article-title":"Miller-Fisher syndrome and pontine abnormalities on MRI: a case report","volume":"237","author":"Giroud","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1755","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome: MRI findings","volume":"57","author":"Garcia-Rivera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.953","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome: clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of peripheral origin in 10 cases","volume":"34","author":"Sauron","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.9.1493","article-title":"Neuropathy in the Miller Fisher syndrome: clinical and electrophysiologic findings","volume":"37","author":"Fross","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.1.95","article-title":"The localization of the lesion in patients with acute ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia (Miller Fisher syndrome). A serial multimodal neurophysiological study","volume":"111","author":"Jamal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.06.014","article-title":"The H reflex as a diagnostic tool for Miller Fisher syndrome in pediatric patients","volume":"17","author":"Dachy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg235","article-title":"Immunoglobulins inhibit pathophysiological effects of anti-GQ1b-positive sera at motor nerve terminals through inhibition of antibody binding","volume":"126","author":"Jacobs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000258673.31824.61","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Miller Fisher syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Mori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.03.008","article-title":"Recurrent Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis","volume":"364","author":"Ishii","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00095-7","article-title":"Recurrent Miller Fisher syndrome: clinical and laboratory features and HLA antigens","volume":"165","author":"Chida","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12983","article-title":"How often and when Fisher syndrome is overlapped by Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome or Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis?","volume":"23","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304655","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304655","article-title":"Is \u2018Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis' really encephalitis?","volume":"2012","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.61.6.736","article-title":"Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"61","author":"Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-010-0103-8","article-title":"Fisher syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Mori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6360-y","article-title":"GQ1b-seronegative Fisher syndrome: clinical features and new serological markers","volume":"259","author":"Koga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"272","article-title":"Leptomeningeal signet-ring cell carcinomatosis presenting with ophthalmoplegia, areflexia and ataxia","volume":"20","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2018.07.012","article-title":"Miller Fisher Syndrome revealing a lung carcinoma: paraneoplastic origin of Miller Fisher Syndrome?","volume":"175","author":"Hela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Neurol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1250774\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T02:22:49Z","timestamp":1692930169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1250774\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2023.1250774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1250774","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"article-number":"1250774"}}