{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:55:10Z","timestamp":1789577710029,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Available data suggest that there may be gender differences in the effect of STN-DBS in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The aim of this study was to review data on gender discrepancies and gender differences in clinical outcomes in PD patients treated with deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS). Included were original studies that specifically examined gender discrepancies or gender differences in PD patients with STN-DBS. Men receive more DBS than women, for various indications. The decision-making process for DBS in women compared to men is more influenced by personal preferences and external factors. Motor symptoms improve in both genders, but bradykinesia improves more in men. The postoperative reduction of the levodopa equivalent daily dose seems to be more pronounced in men. Men show more cognitive deterioration and less improvement than women after STN-DBS. Women show more depressive symptoms before surgery, but they improve similarly to men. Men show more improvement in impulsivity and less decrease in impulsive behaviour symptoms than women. Anxiety and personality traits remain unchanged in both genders. Voice quality improves more in men and deteriorates less often than in women. Men gain fat-free mass and fat mass, but women only gain fat mass. Regarding sexual function the evidence is inconsistent. More urinary symptoms improve in women than in men. Pain and restless leg syndrome seems to improve more in men. Regarding quality of life, the evidence seems to be inconsistent, and activities of daily living seems to improve in both genders. Better prospective controlled studies, focusing directly on gender differences in PD patients treated with STN-DBS, are needed to better explain gender differences in STN-DBS for PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1257781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T04:29:30Z","timestamp":1704688170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Gender discrepancies and differences in motor and non-motor symptoms, cognition, and psychological outcomes in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease with subthalamic deep brain stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Martijn","family":"Hendriks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben Saman","family":"Vinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejan","family":"Georgiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"504","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and its management: part 1: disease entity, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis","volume":"40","author":"DeMaagd","year":"2015","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000314478","article-title":"Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Reichmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.6.12.1811","article-title":"Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Zesiewicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13541","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"292","author":"Hariz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23903","article-title":"Beyond nine years of continuous subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Zibetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12246","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012246","article-title":"Long-term outcomes (15 years) after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"97","author":"Bove","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.182","article-title":"Ten-year outcome of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a blinded evaluation","volume":"68","author":"Castrioto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.168211","article-title":"Incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Norway: the Norwegian Parkwest study","volume":"80","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103788","article-title":"Gender differences in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Haaxma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.07.026","article-title":"Gender differences in motor and non-motor symptoms among Sardinian patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"323","author":"Solla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7951840","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7951840","article-title":"Impact of sex on the nonmotor symptoms and the health-related quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2016","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.55.9.1358","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: two-fold higher incidence in men. 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