{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:34:34Z","timestamp":1793993674945,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To counteract gravity, trunk motion, and other perturbations, the human head\u2013neck system requires continuous muscular stabilization. In this study, we combine a musculoskeletal neck model with models of sensory integration (SI) to unravel the role of vestibular, visual, and muscle sensory cues in head\u2013neck stabilization and relate SI conflicts and postural instability to motion sickness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 3D multisegment neck model with 258 Hill-type muscle elements was extended with postural stabilization using SI of vestibular (semicircular and otolith) and visual (rotation rate, verticality, and yaw) cues using the multisensory observer model (MSOM) and the subjective vertical conflict model (SVC). Dynamic head\u2013neck stabilization was studied using empirical datasets, including 6D trunk perturbations and a 4\u2009m\/s<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> slalom drive inducing motion sickness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recorded head translation and rotation are well matched when using all feedback loops with MSOM or SVC or assuming perfect perception. A basic version of the model, including muscle, but omitting vestibular and visual perception, shows that muscular feedback can stabilize the neck in all conditions. However, this model predicts excessive head rotations in conditions with trunk rotation and in the slalom. Adding feedback of head rotational velocity sensed by the semicircular canals effectively reduces head rotations at mid-frequencies. Realistic head rotations at low frequencies are obtained by adding vestibular and visual feedback of head rotation based on the MSOM or SVC model or assuming perfect perception. The MSOM with full vision well captures all conditions, whereas the MSOM excluding vision well captures all conditions without vision. The SVC provides two estimates of verticality, with a vestibular estimate SVC<jats:sub>vest<\/jats:sub>, which is highly effective in controlling head verticality, and an integrated vestibular\/visual estimate SVC<jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub> which can complement SVC<jats:sub>vest<\/jats:sub> in conditions with vision. As expected, in the sickening drive, SI models imprecisely estimate verticality, resulting in sensory conflict and postural instability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results support the validity of SI models in postural stabilization, where both MSOM and SVC provide credible results. The results in the sickening drive show imprecise sensory integration to enlarge head motion. This uniquely links the sensory conflict theory and the postural instability theory in motion sickness causation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1266345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T16:29:33Z","timestamp":1700756973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neck stabilization through sensory integration of vestibular and visual motion cues"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Riender","family":"Happee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Kotian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksander N.","family":"De Winkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-004-0535-x","article-title":"Comparing internal models of the dynamics of the visual environment","volume":"92","author":"Carver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599226","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.599226","article-title":"Multisensory interactions in head and body centered perception of verticality","volume":"14","author":"De Winkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(02)00071-X","article-title":"Multisensory fusion: simultaneous re-weighting of vision and touch for the control of human posture","volume":"14","author":"Oie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res Cogn Brain Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1097","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in human postural control","volume":"88","author":"Peterka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220050527","article-title":"A multisensory integration model of human stance control","volume":"80","author":"van der Kooij","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220000196","article-title":"An adaptive model of sensory integration in a dynamic environment applied to human stance control","volume":"84","author":"van der Kooij","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.07.016","article-title":"Sensory contributions to stabilization of trunk posture in the sagittal plane","volume":"70","author":"van Dieen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4151-2","article-title":"Modulation of intrinsic and reflexive contributions to low-back stabilization due to vision, task instruction, and perturbation bandwidth","volume":"233","author":"van Drunen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1999-9604","article-title":"Predicting control mechanisms for human head stabilization by altering the passive mechanics","volume":"9","author":"Keshner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-29678-2_6308","article-title":"Vestibulocollic and cervicocollic control. 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