{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:04:36Z","timestamp":1789733076555,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is the optic nerve injury secondary to brain trauma leading to visual impairment and vision loss. Current clinical visual function assessments often fail to detect TON due to slow disease progression and clinically silent lesions resulting in potentially delayed or missed treatment in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI) is a novel imaging modality that can potentially fill this diagnostic gap. Twenty-two, 16-week-old, male mice were equally divided into a sham or TBI (induced by moderate Closed-Head Impact Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration device) group. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (5% for 2.5 min followed by 2.5% maintenance during injury induction), had a helmet placed over the head, and were placed in a holder prior to a 2.1-joule impact. Serial visual acuity (VA) assessments, using the Virtual Optometry System, and DBSI scans were performed in both groups of mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histological analysis of optic nerves was also performed after <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>VA of the TBI mice showed unilateral or bilateral impairment. DBSI of the optic nerves exhibited bilateral involvement. IHC results of the optic nerves revealed axonal loss, myelin injury, axonal injury, and increased cellularity in the optic nerves of the TBI mice. Increased DBSI axon volume, decreased DBSI \u03bb<jats:sub>||<\/jats:sub>, and elevated DBSI restricted fraction correlated with decreased SMI-312, decreased SMI-31, and increased DAPI density, respectively, suggesting that DBSI can detect coexisting pathologies in the optic nerves of TBI mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>DBSI provides an imaging modality capable of detecting subclinical changes of indirect TON in TBI mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1269817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T13:51:46Z","timestamp":1702475506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diffusion basis spectrum imaging detects subclinical traumatic optic neuropathy in a closed-head impact mouse model of traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hsin-Chieh","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj Swaroop","family":"Lavadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Sauerbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wallendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrance T.","family":"Kummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Kwei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsen-Hsuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31827f15a1","article-title":"Mechanisms of TBI and visual consequences in military and veteran populations","volume":"90","author":"Goodrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.01.0003","article-title":"Visual function in patients of a polytrauma rehabilitation center: a descriptive study","volume":"44","author":"Goodrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86924","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21008","article-title":"Longitudinal relationship between traumatic brain injury and the risk of incident optic neuropathy: a 10-year follow-up nationally representative Taiwan survey","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000592","article-title":"Restoration of vision after brain injury using magnet glasses","volume":"96","author":"Houston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01717-9","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy: a review of current studies","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3182842553","article-title":"Diagnosis of traumatic optic neuropathy: application of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"33","author":"Bodanapally","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"433","article-title":"Indirect trauma to the optic nerves and chiasm. 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