{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:09:09Z","timestamp":1792084149425,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary blepharospasm (BSP) is a clinically heterogeneous disease that manifests not only as spasmodic closure of the eyelids but also sometimes with apraxia of eyelid opening (AEO). This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate differences in the neural mechanisms of isolated BSP and BSP-associated AEO subtypes, which may reveal the pathophysiology underlying different phenotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 29 patients manifested as isolated BSP, 17 patients manifested as BSP associated with AEO, and 28 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We assessed functional connectivity (FC) between regions of interest (ROIs) in the fronto-parietal control network (PFCN) and sensorimotor network (SMN). We also examined the relationship between altered FC and behavioral data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the FPCN, ROI- analyses showed decreased FC between the left premotor cortex and supramarginal gyrus in the BSP with AEO group compared to the isolated BSP group. In the SMN, both subgroups showed hypoconnectivity of the left premotor cortex with the right primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortex, and somatosensory association cortex. This hypoconnectivity was positively correlated with the total number of botulinum toxin A treatments, which suggests that long-term botulinum toxin A treatment may modulate motor sequence planning and coordination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings showed different connectivity alterations in neural networks associated with motor and cognitive control among different behavioral phenotypes of BSP. The identification of specific alterations in various networks that correspond to clinical heterogeneity may inform the identification of potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and personalized neuromodulation targets for treating different BSP subphenotypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1273935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T18:23:23Z","timestamp":1699640603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Functional connectivity alterations in the frontoparietal network and sensorimotor network are associated with behavioral heterogeneity in blepharospasm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Qing","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Xue","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Na","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan-Hua","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Li","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829bfdf6","article-title":"Development 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