{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T19:41:14Z","timestamp":1782502874046,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to examine the clinical distinctions among patients diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) based on the presence or absence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands (OCBs). Additionally, it sought to explore the relationship between OCBs and the severity and prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 94 patients diagnosed with AE at the People\u2019s Hospital of Zhengzhou University between October 2016 and June 2022. The patients were divided into OCB-positive and OCB-negative groups based on CSF-OCBs. Patient severity at admission was assessed utilizing the Clinical Assessment Scale for Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) and the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Additionally, some oligoclonal-positive patients underwent dynamic longitudinal analysis of cerebrospinal fluid test indices. The mRS score was ultimately employed to evaluate patients\u2019 short-term prognosis (6\u2009months) and long-term prognosis (at least 12\u2009months) following immunotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 94 patients, 34 (36.2%) belonged to the OCB-positive group, while 60 (63.8%) belonged to the OCB-negative group. The group with anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis exhibited the highest rate of oligoclonal positivity at 27 (49.1%), followed by anti-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR) encephalitis with 4 cases (30.8%), anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) encephalitis with 2 cases (20%), and anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivating protein 1 (LGI1) encephalitis with 1 case (6.25%). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups regarding gender, age, prodromal symptoms, psychiatric disorders, seizures, language disorders, motor dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, tumor incidence, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). The OCB-positive group exhibited higher rates of autonomic dysfunction, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, CSF leukocytes, and IgG index compared to the OCB-negative group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Additionally, the OCB-positive group had significantly higher median CASE and mRS scores prior to immunotherapy than the OCB-negative group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, in both short-term follow-up and long-term follow-up, the OCB-positive group had a significantly lower proportion of patients with a favorable prognosis compared to the OCB-negative group (50% vs. 71.7, 61.8% vs. 83.3%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autonomic dysfunction, ICU admission, leukocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid, and elevated IgG index are more commonly observed in OCB-positive patients. OCB-positivity has also been linked to the severity and prognosis of AE, making it a potential biomarker. Initial OCB testing aids clinicians in identifying potentially critically ill patients early and monitoring disease progression, thereby optimizing clinical treatment decisions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1281276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T04:54:47Z","timestamp":1704430487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparing clinical features, severity and prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis and with and without oligoclonal bands"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaomin","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.08.00","article-title":"An evolving redefinition of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"18","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00539","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and short-term prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis: a single-center cohort study in Changsha, China","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01286","article-title":"Analysis of clinical characteristics and poor prognostic predictors in patients with an initial diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"10","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70310-1","article-title":"Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Titulaer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.014","article-title":"Prognosticating autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Broadley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646940","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.646940","article-title":"Longitudinal CSF findings in autoimmune encephalitis-a monocentric cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Zrzavy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00804","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with autoimmune encephalitis-a systematic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Blinder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1959.tb13182.x","article-title":"Micro-electrophoresis in agar gel of proteins of the cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system","volume":"4","author":"Karcher","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00822.x","article-title":"CSF isoelectrofocusing in a large cohort of MS and other neurological diseases","volume":"11","author":"Bourahoui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.5.1269","article-title":"A study of immunoglobulin G in the cerebrospinal fluid of 1007 patients with suspected neurological disease using isoelectric focusing and the log IgG-index. 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