{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:06:47Z","timestamp":1753891607215,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this clinical study was to assess the impact of a non-invasive selective blue-filtering photochromic lens coating Crizal Prevencia on the treatment and response of benign essential blepharospasm (BEB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-four patients were recruited in the outpatient clinic of the Medical University of Vienna in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study design. Blink frequencies were assessed in patients with BEB before and 14\u2009days after intervention with either a filtering ophthalmic lens or a placebo lens, respectively. Outcome parameters include sub-group analysis of a blink frequency under six different conditions: three photopic conditions, one resting condition, one reading condition, and one video game condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 24 recruited patients, 15 patients were available for final analysis. Comparing the optical blue filtering lens to placebo, showed a reduced blink frequency in specific subtests, but not compared to baseline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, optical filtering glasses might have a beneficial effect on BEB and provide a non-invasive therapeutic add-on option, in addition to botulinum neurotoxin therapy, for patients with BEB and should necessarily be further investigated in a multicenter setting, resulting in larger sample sizes to gain valid information about the effect of photochromic blue filter glasses in BEB.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:bold>: <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/drks.de\/search\/en\/trial\/DRKS00032135<\/jats:ext-link>, DRKS00032135.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1301947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T17:01:15Z","timestamp":1702918875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect on blink frequency of a selective blue-filtering photochromic lens in patients with benign essential blepharospasm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Monschein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Zrzavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoya","family":"Kuzmina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Gutstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sycha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1275","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary blepharospasm","volume":"17","author":"Defazio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150070094","article-title":"A prevalence study of primary dystonia in eight European countries","volume":"247","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26934","article-title":"Blepharospasm 40 years later","volume":"32","author":"Defazio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x","article-title":"Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients","volume":"18","author":"Peckham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829bfdf6","article-title":"Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm","volume":"81","author":"Defazio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.09.004","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for blepharospasm: a multicenter international study","volume":"91","author":"Defazio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002560","article-title":"Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache: report of the guideline development Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology","volume":"86","author":"Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30220-6","article-title":"Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. 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