{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T15:43:43Z","timestamp":1775576623101,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In brain function research, each brain region has been investigated independently, and how different parts of the brain work together has been examined using the correlations among them. However, the dynamics of how different brain regions interact with each other during time-varying tasks, such as voluntary motion tasks, are still not well-understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address this knowledge gap, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using target tracking tasks with and without feedback. We identified the motor cortex, cerebellum, and visual cortex by using a general linear model during the tracking tasks. We then employed a dynamic causal model (DCM) and parametric empirical Bayes to quantitatively elucidate the interactions among the left motor cortex (ML), right cerebellum (CBR) and left visual cortex (VL), and their roles as higher and lower controllers in the hierarchical model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that the tracking task with visual feedback strongly affected the modulation of connection strength in ML \u2192 CBR and ML\u2194VL. Moreover, we found that the modulation of VL \u2192 ML, ML \u2192 ML, and ML \u2192 CBR by the tracking task with visual feedback could explain individual differences in tracking performance and muscle activity, and we validated these findings by leave-one-out cross-validation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach for understanding the mechanisms underlying human motor control. Our proposed method may have important implications for the development of new technologies in personalized interventions and technologies, as it sheds light on how different brain regions interact and work together during a motor task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1302847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T12:00:53Z","timestamp":1704801653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic causal model application on hierarchical human motor control estimation in visuomotor 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