{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:15:28Z","timestamp":1791342928009,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018525","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018525","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Invasion of the central nervous system by\n                      <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      can occur at any stage of syphilis. In the event that\n                      <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      is not cleared promptly, certain individuals may experience progression to neurosyphilis, which manifests as cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, limb paralysis, and potentially fatal outcomes. Early identification or prevention of neurosyphilis is therefore crucial. The aim of this paper is to conduct a critical and narrative review of the latest information focusing exclusively to the pathogenesis and clinical management of neurosyphilis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To compile this review, we have conducted electronic literature searches from the PubMed database relating to neurosyphilis. Priority was given to studies published from the past 10 years (from 2013 to 2023) and other studies if they were of significant importance (from 1985 to 2012), including whole genome sequencing results, cell structure of\n                      <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , history of genotyping, and other related topics. These studies are classic or reflect a developmental process.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurosyphilis has garnered global attention, yet susceptibility to and the pathogenesis of this condition remain under investigation. Cerebrospinal fluid examination plays an important role in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis, but lacks the gold standard. Intravenous aqueous crystalline penicillin G continues to be the recommended therapeutic approach for neurosyphilis. Considering its sustained prominence, it is imperative to develop novel public health tactics in order to manage the resurgence of neurosyphilis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review gives an updated narrative description of neurosyphilis with special emphasis on its pathogenesis, susceptibility, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1340321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:25:10Z","timestamp":1704932710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Neurosyphilis: insights into its pathogenesis, susceptibility, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sirui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1906228","article-title":"Neurosyphilis","volume":"381","author":"Ropper","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Global Progress Report on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2021.","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13514","article-title":"Risk profiles of neurosyphilis in hiv-negative patients with primary, secondary and latent syphilis: implications for clinical intervention","volume":"30","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000687","article-title":"Reported cases of neurosyphilis among early syphilis cases-United States, 2009 to 2015","volume":"45","author":"de Voux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2013.53","article-title":"Neurosyphilis in the mixed urban-rural community of the Netherlands","volume":"26","author":"Daey Ouwens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238617","article-title":"Neurosyphilis: still prevalent and overlooked in an at risk population","volume":"15","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.6902.2018381","article-title":"Clinical and socio-demographic profile of neurosyphilis: a retrospective study in a reference centre in Colombia","volume":"69","author":"Quintero-Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45339","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45339","article-title":"Late neurosyphilis and tertiary syphilis in Guangdong province, China: results from a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-021-00564-z","article-title":"The intersection of HIV and syphilis: update on the key considerations in testing and management","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005880","article-title":"Neurosyphilis in Africa: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Marks","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486","article-title":"Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"97","author":"Rowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040133","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1040133","article-title":"Care-Ns, a research strategy for neurosyphilis","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001471","article-title":"Whole genome sequences of three Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue strains: yaws and syphilis treponemes differ in less than 02% of the genome sequence","volume":"6","author":"Cejkov\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Workowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2015.06.010","article-title":"Association of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms with neurosyphilis","volume":"76","author":"Pastuszczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5375.375","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete","volume":"281","author":"Fraser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.09.020","article-title":"Cellular architecture of Treponema pallidum: novel flagellum, periplasmic cone, and cell envelope as revealed by cryo electron tomography","volume":"403","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040550","article-title":"Spirochete flagella and motility","volume":"10","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2017_44","article-title":"The Treponema pallidum outer membrane","volume":"415","author":"Radolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.10.015","article-title":"Flagellar motility of the pathogenic spirochetes","volume":"46","author":"Wolgemuth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577129","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.577129","article-title":"Characterization of Treponema pallidum dissemination in C57bl\/6 mice","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab455","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab455","article-title":"Meningovascular syphilis presenting as a brain mass in an immunocompetent male","volume":"8","author":"Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985373","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.985373","article-title":"Neurosyphilis with ocular involvement and normal magnetic resonance imaging results affirmed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102032","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and polarization of microglia in Parkinson's disease: role of inflammasome and iron","volume":"90","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000068","article-title":"A fatal fall associated with undiagnosed parenchymatous neurosyphilis","volume":"35","author":"Sakai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00062","article-title":"Increased CSF soluble trem2 concentration in patients with neurosyphilis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011594","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011594","article-title":"Treponema pallidum promoted microglia apoptosis and prevented itself from clearing by human microglia via blocking autophagic flux","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17872","article-title":"Treponema pallidum membrane protein Tp47 induced autophagy and inhibited cell migration in Hmc3 cells Via the Pi3k\/Akt\/Foxo1 pathway","volume":"29","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00086-15","article-title":"A homology model reveals novel structural features and an immunodominant surface loop\/opsonic target in the Treponema pallidum bama ortholog Tp_0326","volume":"197","author":"Luthra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002822","article-title":"Activation and proteolytic activity of the Treponema pallidum metalloprotease, pallilysin","volume":"8","author":"Houston","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111204","article-title":"Treponema pallidum recombinant protein Tp47 activates nod-like receptor family protein 3 inflammasomes in macrophages via glycolysis","volume":"126","author":"Zheng XQ Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24318","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24318","article-title":"Possible effects of Treponema pallidum infection on human vascular endothelial cells","volume":"36","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","article-title":"Biological basis for syphilis","volume":"19","author":"Lafond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007401","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007401","article-title":"Analysis of host cell binding specificity mediated by the Tp0136 adhesin of the syphilis agent Treponema pallidum subsp","volume":"13","author":"Djokic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pallidum PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691731","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.691731","article-title":"Treponema pallidum disrupts ve-cadherin intercellular junctions and traverses endothelial barriers using a cholesterol-dependent mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Lithgow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13984","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of the adhesion of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (nichol strain) to human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00195-20","article-title":"Identification of the neuroinvasive pathogen host target, lamr, as an endothelial receptor for the Treponema pallidum adhesin Tp0751","volume":"5","author":"Lithgow","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2022.151553","article-title":"Treponema pallidum Tp0751 alters the expression of tight junction proteins by promoting bend3 cell apoptosis and il-6 secretion","volume":"312","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115134","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115134","article-title":"Recombinant Treponema pallidum protein tp0965 activates endothelial cells and increases the permeability of endothelial cell monolayer","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00501-3","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: disease-related data patterns and evaluation programs","volume":"184","author":"Reiber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011259","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011259","article-title":"Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum with an artificially impaired TPRK antigenic variation system is attenuated in the rabbit model of syphilis","volume":"19","author":"Romeis","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12065","article-title":"Treponema pallidum protein Tp0136 promoting Mmps\/Timps imbalance via Pi3k, Mapk and Nf-?b signalling pathways in Hdvsmcs","volume":"8","author":"Cai CX Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02249-20","article-title":"Biophysical and biochemical characterization of Tp0037, a D-lactate dehydrogenase, supports an acetogenic energy conservation pathway","volume":"11","author":"Deka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Treponema pallidum. mBio"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074319","article-title":"Resequencing of Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum strains nichols and Ss14: correction of sequencing errors resulted in increased separation of syphilis treponeme subclusters","volume":"8","author":"P\u011btro\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1086\/426510","article-title":"Treponema pallidum strain-specific differences in neuroinvasion and clinical phenotype in a rabbit model","volume":"191","author":"Tantalo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.023895","article-title":"Molecular typing of Treponema pallidum strains from patients with neurosyphilis in pretoria, South Africa","volume":"83","author":"Molepo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001378","article-title":"Comparison of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum molecular typing systems: multilocus sequence typing vs. enhanced centers for disease control and prevention typing sex","volume":"48","author":"Sahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transm Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1086\/656533","article-title":"Enhanced molecular typing of Treponema pallidum: geographical distribution of strain types and association with neurosyphilis","volume":"202","author":"Marra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200773","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200773","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum in Switzerland and france with a new multilocus sequence typing scheme","volume":"13","author":"Grillov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01195-12","article-title":"Molecular typing of Treponema pallidum: a 5-year surveillance in Shanghai, China","volume":"50","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00959-16","article-title":"Treponema pallidum strain types and association with macrolide resistance in Sydney, Australia: new tp0548 gene types identified","volume":"54","author":"Read","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618747","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.618747","article-title":"Molecular Characterization based on Mlst and Ecdc typing schemes and antibiotic resistance analyses of Treponema pallidum subsp. Pallidum in Xiamen, China","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001273","article-title":"Molecular typing of Treponema pallidum: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32250-y","article-title":"A suite of Pcr-Lwcas13a assays for detection and genotyping of Treponema pallidum in clinical samples","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001355","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2018","volume":"48","author":"Kreisel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27725","article-title":"Spatial-temporal analysis of HIV\/AIDS and syphilis in mainland China from 2007 to 2017","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16946","article-title":"2020 European guideline on the management of syphilis","volume":"35","author":"Janier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008","volume":"40","author":"Satterwhite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1110","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00221-7","article-title":"Prevalence of syphilis among men who have sex with men: a global systematic review and meta-analysis from 2000-20","volume":"9","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Global health."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02413-0","article-title":"Characteristics of Kenyan women using Hiv prep enrolled in a randomized trial on doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infection prevention","volume":"23","author":"Oware","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757354","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.757354","article-title":"Factors associated with neurosyphilis in patients with syphilis treatment failure: a retrospective study of 165 HIV-negative patients","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01177-5","article-title":"Establishment of HIV-negative neurosyphilis risk score model based on logistic regression","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.009","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Michaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02371-7","article-title":"Neurodegenerative proteinopathies associated with neuroinfections","volume":"128","author":"Danics","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00046","article-title":"Historic evidence to support a causal relationship between spirochetal infections and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Miklossy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105847","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1105847","article-title":"Performance of the nontreponemal tests and treponemal tests on cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030480","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1030480","article-title":"Advances in laboratory diagnostic methods for cerebrospinal fluid testing for neurosyphilis","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181f42093","article-title":"The usefulness of toluidine red unheated serum test in the diagnosis of hiv-negative neurosyphilis","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420965850","article-title":"Identification of the factors associated with post-treatment asymptomatic neurosyphilis in HIV-negative patients with serological non-response syphilis: a retrospective study","volume":"32","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000149","article-title":"Toll-like receptor polymorphisms are associated with increased neurosyphilis risk","volume":"41","author":"Marra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09984-9","article-title":"Prevalence of syphilis, neurosyphilis and associated factors in a cross-sectional analysis of HIV infected patients attending bugando medical centre, Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"20","author":"Haule","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v11i1.11055","article-title":"Is central nervous system an immune-privileged site?","volume":"11","author":"Shrestha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2017-001754","article-title":"Neurosyphilis in patients with HIV","volume":"18","author":"Hobbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pract Neurol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27430","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027430","article-title":"clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and predictors of neurosyphilis patients with human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: a retrospective study at infectious diseases hospitals in two cities of China","volume":"100","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12677","article-title":"Risk of neurosyphilis in HIV-infected persons with syphilis lacking signs or symptoms of central nervous system infection","volume":"20","author":"Rotman","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425920952840","article-title":"Syphilitic infection impairs immunity by inducing both apoptosis and pyroptosis of Cd4(+) and Cd8(+) T lymphocytes","volume":"27","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000187262.56820.c0","article-title":"Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coinfection: influence on Cd4 T-cell count, Hiv-1 viral load, and treatment response","volume":"33","author":"Kofoed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.03.012","article-title":"Management of syphilis in the HIV-infected patient: facts and controversies","volume":"28","author":"Farhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06846-6","article-title":"Predicting asymptomatic neurosyphilis using peripheral blood indicators","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001717","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light in neurosyphilis: a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Marra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9616","article-title":"Combination of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and serum toluidine red unheated serum test titer as a predictor of neurosyphilis in HIV-negative patients","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002023","article-title":"Serum trsut titer \u22651: 16 IS a predictor for neurosyphilis among hiv-infected patients with concurrent syphilis and no neurological symptoms","volume":"94","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00150","article-title":"Metabolite profiles of the cerebrospinal fluid in neurosyphilis patients determined by untargeted metabolomics analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053813","article-title":"Exosomal microrna profiles from serum and cerebrospinal fluid in neurosyphilis","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12441","article-title":"Medial temporal lobe atrophy as a predictor of poor cognitive outcomes in general paresis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857727","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857727","article-title":"Ythdf1 negatively regulates Treponema pallidum-induced inflammation in Thp-1 macrophages by promoting socs3 translation in an M6a-dependent manner","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10387-x","article-title":"Serological response predicts normalization of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities at six months after treatment in HIV-negative neurosyphilis patients","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1086\/591534","article-title":"Normalization of serum rapid plasma reagin titer predicts normalization of cerebrospinal fluid and clinical abnormalities after treatment of neurosyphilis","volume":"47","author":"Marra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3062-4","article-title":"The performance of rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer in HIV-negative general paresis after neurosyphilis therapy","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03466-23","article-title":"Evaluation of a minimal array of Treponema pallidum antigens as biomarkers for syphilis diagnosis, infection staging, and response to treatment","author":"Haynes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15583","article-title":"The incidence of jarisch-herxheimer reactions and associated risk factors in pregnant women and nonpregnant women: a retrospective chart review at a university hospital in Japan","volume":"49","author":"Mori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.7.865","article-title":"Jarisch-herxheimer reaction in a patient with neurosyphilis","volume":"57","author":"Zifko","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13259","article-title":"Treatment of syphilis: a systematic review","volume":"312","author":"Clement","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175477","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175477","article-title":"Molecular subtyping of Treponema pallidum and associated factors of serofast status in early syphilis patients: identified novel genotype and cytokine marker","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.04.020","article-title":"Evaluation of serum cytokines to predict serofast in syphilis patients","volume":"26","author":"Qiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05421-7","article-title":"Peripheral blood mononuclear cell microrna profiles in syphilitic patients with serofast status","volume":"47","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053753","article-title":"Association of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms with serofast state after syphilis treatment","volume":"95","author":"Pastuszczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7078","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7078","article-title":"Risk factor (predictive) medicine as a driver of fear and overdiagnosis","volume":"349","author":"Chiolero","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2022.04.023","article-title":"Asian guidelines for syphilis","volume":"28","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother."},{"key":"B100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Workowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15691","article-title":"Neurosyphilis in the northern territory of Australia: a clinical guideline","volume":"53","author":"Birrell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern Med J."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00081-1","article-title":"German guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of neurosyphilis","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Res Pract."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2023.01.003","article-title":"Imaging features of neurosyphilis","volume":"50","author":"Corr\u00eaa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-021-02827-3","article-title":"Neurosyphilis in disguise","volume":"64","author":"Jum'ah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroradiology."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pn-2023-003943.","article-title":"Neurosyphilis masquerading as autoimmune encephalitis","author":"Teixeira Urz\u00eado Queiroz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pract Neurol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2019-0368","article-title":"Neurosyphilis presenting as acute ischemic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.029","article-title":"Status epilepticus with focal neurologic deficits: a rare presentation of neurosyphilis","volume":"117","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037712","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1037712","article-title":"Case report: visual acuity loss as a warning sign of ocular syphilis: a retrospective analysis of 17 cases","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621872","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/621872","article-title":"neurosyphilis presenting as asymptomatic optic perineuritis","volume":"2012","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.35541\/cjd.20190808","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea and genital chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Dermatol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415624059","article-title":"UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis 2015","volume":"27","author":"Kingston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00310-17","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay for neurosyphilis diagnosis","volume":"55","author":"Marra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-055913","article-title":"Multicentric evaluation of a specific intrathecal anti-Treponema pallidum igg index as a diagnostic biomarker of neurosyphilis: results from a retro-prospective case-control study","author":"Alberto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147721","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01477-21","article-title":"Intrathecal synthesis index of specific anti-treponema igg: a new tool for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis","volume":"10","author":"Alberto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw499","article-title":"Clinical and biological characteristics of 40 patients with neurosyphilis and evaluation of Treponema pallidum nested polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid samples","volume":"63","author":"Vanhaecke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0051","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Treponema pallidum DNA in the peripheral blood of secondary syphilis patients","volume":"97","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177221","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01772-21","article-title":"quantified detection of Treponema pallidum DNA by PCR assays in urine and plasma of syphilis patients","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0519822","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05198-22","article-title":"Red blood cell lysis pretreatment can significantly improve the yield of Treponema pallidum DNA FROM blood","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3250","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1613","article-title":"A new specimen for syphilis diagnosis: evidence by high loads of Treponema pallidum DNA in saliva","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06769-w","article-title":"Ceftriaxone compared with penicillin G for the treatment of neurosyphilis: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30857-4","article-title":"Ceftriaxone compared with benzylpenicillin in the treatment of neurosyphilis in France: a retrospective multicentre study","volume":"21","author":"Bettuzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.28.2.347","article-title":"Penetration of oral doxycycline into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with latent or neurosyphilis","volume":"28","author":"Yim","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2011.10.003","article-title":"Efficacy of ceftriaxone and doxycycline in the treatment of early syphilis","volume":"42","author":"Psomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab100","article-title":"Clinical and serological outcomes in patients treated with oral doxycycline for early neurosyphilis","volume":"76","author":"Girometti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90574-U","article-title":"Response of latent syphilis or neurosyphilis to ceftriaxone therapy in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"93","author":"Dowell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/095646240401500511","article-title":"Response of HIV-infected patients with asymptomatic syphilis to intensive intramuscular therapy with ceftriaxone or procaine penicillin","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.0672","article-title":"Treatment of late-stage syphilis","volume":"313","author":"Drago","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2015.12.006","article-title":"A new enhanced antibiotic treatment for early and late syphilis","volume":"5","author":"Drago","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103281","article-title":"Efficacy of linezolid on Treponema pallidum, the syphilis agent: a preclinical study","volume":"65","author":"Haynes","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103320","article-title":"Hope for new antibiotics for syphilis treatment","volume":"66","author":"Stamm","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4289479","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum: an in-vitro study","volume":"4","author":"Tantalo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131921","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1131921","article-title":"Association between treatment failure in patients with early syphilis and penicillin resistance-related gene mutations of Treponema pallidum: protocol for a multicentre nested case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Mi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238520","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02385-20","article-title":"Treponema pallidum macrolide resistance and molecular epidemiology in Southern Africa, 2008 to 2018","volume":"59","author":"Venter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2014.0154","article-title":"Treponema pallidum putative novel drug target identification and validation: rethinking syphilis therapeutics with plant-derived terpenoids","volume":"19","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"OMICS."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2010.00183.x","article-title":"Review: neurosyphilis: a historical perspective and review","volume":"16","author":"Ghanem","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2016.1203262","article-title":"Vaccine development for syphilis","volume":"16","author":"Lithgow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.002","article-title":"Immunization with a tri-antigen syphilis vaccine significantly attenuates chancre development, reduces bacterial load, and inhibits dissemination of Treponema pallidum","volume":"40","author":"Lukehart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01153-18","article-title":"Long-term in vitro culture of the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum","volume":"9","author":"Edmondson","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.022","article-title":"Non-pathogenic borrelia burgdorferi expressing Treponema pallidum Tprk and Tp0435 antigens as a novel approach to evaluate syphilis vaccine candidates","volume":"37","author":"Parveen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa449","article-title":"Analysis of Treponema pallidum strains from China using improved methods for whole-genome sequencing from primary syphilis chancres","volume":"223","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00834-10","article-title":"Surface immunolabeling and consensus computational framework to identify candidate rare outer membrane proteins of Treponema pallidum","volume":"78","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759474","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.759474","article-title":"Two potential syphilis vaccine candidates inhibit dissemination of Treponema pallidum","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14273","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14273","article-title":"Defined syphilis vaccine candidate inhibits dissemination of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum","volume":"8","author":"Lithgow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130593","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1130593","article-title":"Immunization with Tp0954, an adhesin of Treponema pallidum, provides protective efficacy in the rabbit model of experimental syphilis","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952284","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.952284","article-title":"Notes on syphilis vaccine development","volume":"13","author":"Kojima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftac023","article-title":"Treponema pallidum outer membrane proteins: current status and prospects","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog Dis."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00211-6","article-title":"A patient with secondary syphilis following incomplete treatment of primary infection","author":"Lorenz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30363-8","article-title":"Turning the spotlight on sexually transmitted infections","volume":"17","author":"De Ambrogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.14461","article-title":"Preexposure prophylaxis to prevent acquisition of HIV: us preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"330","author":"Barry","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2947","article-title":"Association of HIV preexposure prophylaxis with incidence of sexually transmitted infections among individuals at high risk of HIV infection","volume":"321","author":"Traeger","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2014.16.11.stas1-1411","article-title":"Will risk compensation accompany pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV?","volume":"16","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virtual Mentor."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100591","article-title":"HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis was associated with no impact on sexually transmitted infection prevalence in a high-prevalence population of predominantly men who have sex with men, Germany, 2018 to 2019","volume":"27","author":"Streeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-023-04032-0","article-title":"Attitudes and beliefs about hiv treatment as prevention among people who are not engaged in Hiv care, 2018-2019","volume":"27","author":"Padilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00314-6","article-title":"Resurgence of congenital syphilis: new strategies against an old foe","author":"Moseley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202062082","article-title":"Neurosyphilis in Brazilian newborns: a health problem that could be avoided","volume":"62","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1340321\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:25:16Z","timestamp":1704932716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1340321\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"references-count":155,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2023.1340321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1340321","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"article-number":"1340321"}}