{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:05:18Z","timestamp":1753891518793,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The old adults have high incidence of cognitive impairment, especially in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Cognitive impairment is not easy to be detected in such populations. We aimed to develop clinical prediction models for different degrees of cognitive impairments in elderly CSVD patients based on conventional imaging and clinical data to determine the better indicators for assessing cognitive function in the CSVD elderly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>210 CSVD patients were screened out by the evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Then, participants were divided into the following three groups according to the cognitive assessment results: control, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia groups. Clinical data were collected from all patients, including demographic data, biochemical indicators, carotid ultrasound, transcranial Doppler (TCD) indicators, and linear measurement parameters based on MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results showed that the brain atrophy and vascular lesions developed progressive worsening with increased degree of cognitive impairment. Crouse score and Interuncal distance\/Bitemporal distance (IUD\/BTD) were independent risk factors for MCI in CSVD patients, and independent risk factors for dementia in CSVD were Crouse Score, the pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery (MCAPI), IUD\/BTD, and Sylvian fissure ratio (SFR). Overall, the parameters with high performance were the IUD\/BTD (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.26\u20134.10) and SFR (OR 3.28; 95% CI 1.54\u20136.91), and the AUC (area under the curve) in distinguishing between CSVD older adults with MCI and with dementia was 0.675 and 0.724, respectively. Linear brain measurement parameters had larger observed effect than other indexes to identify cognitive impairments in CSVD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study shows that IUD\/BTD and SFR are good predictors of cognitive impairments in CSVD elderly. Linear brain measurement showed a good predictive power for identifying MCI and dementia in elderly subjects with CSVD. Linear brain measurement could be a more suitable and novel method for screening cognitive impairment in aged CSVD patients in primary healthcare facilities, and worth further promotion among the rural population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1297076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T15:30:31Z","timestamp":1705937431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linear brain measurement: a new screening method for cognitive impairment in elderly patients with cerebral small vessel disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingqing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/wco.0000000000000913","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease and vascular cognitive impairment: from diagnosis to management","volume":"34","author":"Zanon Zotin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000007654","article-title":"CNS small vessel disease: a clinical review","volume":"92","author":"Cannistraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3681-2_5","article-title":"Ageing and cognition","volume":"91","author":"Juan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.7407.2021411","article-title":"Vascular damage and cognitive-functional performance in a population with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"74","author":"Labos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9077-3","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: neuroimaging markers and clinical implication","volume":"266","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7393","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207393","article-title":"Traditional neuropsychological testing does not predict motor-cognitive test performance","volume":"17","author":"Wilke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020133","article-title":"Elevated circulating microparticle subpopulations in incidental cerebral White matter Hyperintensities: a multimodal study","volume":"11","author":"Nassir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102901","article-title":"Prediction of cognitive performance in old age from spatial probability maps of white matter lesions","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.10","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities, cognitive impairment and dementia: an update","volume":"11","author":"Prins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101712","article-title":"Structural brain network measures are superior to vascular burden scores in predicting early cognitive impairment in post stroke patients with small vessel disease","volume":"22","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.040","article-title":"A model of brain morphological changes related to aging and Alzheimer's disease from cross-sectional assessments","volume":"198","author":"Sivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729782","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.729782","article-title":"Better screening value of Sylvian fissure ratio on cognitive decline among female compared to male: an observational study in elderly patients with cerebral small vessel disease in Soochow","volume":"15","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610214002269","article-title":"Development of a computerized tool for the chinese version of the Montreal cognitive assessment for screening mild cognitive impairment","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.8.1091","article-title":"Staging dementia using clinical dementia rating scale sum of boxes scores: a Texas Alzheimer's research consortium study","volume":"65","author":"O'Bryant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101972","article-title":"DNA hydroxymethylation combined with carotid plaques as a novel biomarker for coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.115","article-title":"Validation of the new interpretive guidelines for the clinical dementia rating scale sum of boxes score in the national Alzheimer's coordinating center database","volume":"67","author":"O'Bryant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.119.026170","article-title":"Global burden of small vessel disease-related brain changes on MRI predicts cognitive and functional decline","volume":"51","author":"Jokinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.03.002","article-title":"Hypertension-related risk for dementia: a summary review with future directions","volume":"116","author":"Daugherty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32633-3_14","article-title":"Nutritional Lipidomics in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1195","author":"Kalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2258","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000009483","article-title":"Intracranial hemodynamic relationships in patients with cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"94","author":"Blair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00847-4","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease influences hippocampal subfield atrophy in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.17.2.270","article-title":"Evaluation of a scoring system for extracranial carotid atherosclerosis extent with B-mode ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Crouse","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0635-5","article-title":"Shared proteomic effects of cerebral atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease on the human brain","volume":"23","author":"Wingo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2006.04.006","article-title":"Linear measures of temporal lobe atrophy on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but not visual rating of white matter changes can help discrimination of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD)","volume":"44","author":"Saka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"897","article-title":"The radiologic prediction of Alzheimer disease: the atrophic hippocampal formation","volume":"14","author":"de Leon","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12335","article-title":"Middle cerebral artery Pulsatility index is associated with cognitive impairment in lacunar stroke","volume":"26","author":"Altmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.018","article-title":"Whole brain atrophy rate predicts progression from MCI to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"31","author":"Spulber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050743","article-title":"Interobserver agreement in the assessment of cerebral atrophy on CT using bicaudate and sylvian-fissure ratios","volume":"41","author":"van Zagten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"119","article-title":"Clinical concept of alcoholic dementia","volume":"26","author":"Kato","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arukoru Kenkyuto Yakubutsu Ison"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2016.12.2.112","article-title":"Effectiveness of cortical atrophy scale and indirect indices of brain atrophy to predict chronic subdural hematoma in older patients","volume":"12","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2008.00238.x","article-title":"Research on aging using brain imaging and cognitive tests over 6 years in 145 healthy elderly subjects","volume":"8","author":"Kada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychogeriatric"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.115.011229","article-title":"Progression of White matter disease and cortical thinning are not related in older community-dwelling subjects","volume":"47","author":"Dickie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820f2e26","article-title":"A population-based study on the influence of brain atrophy on 20-year survival after age 85","volume":"76","author":"Olesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaa076","article-title":"The frequencies of x-ray examinations and CT scans: findings from a sample investigation in Jiangsu","volume":"190","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"CHINA Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597992","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.597992","article-title":"High burden of carotid atherosclerosis in rural Northeast China: a population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1159\/000360138","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive impairment no dementia in a rural area of northern China","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.15.160929","article-title":"Care services for elderly people with dementia in rural China: a case study","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939150","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.939150","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline among Chinese rural elderly individuals: a longitudinal study with 2-year follow-up","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5075","article-title":"Quality of education impacts late-life cognition","volume":"34","author":"Mantri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689456","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/689456","article-title":"The influence of education on Chinese version of Montreal cognitive assessment in detecting amnesic mild cognitive impairment among older people in a Beijing rural community","volume":"2014","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12093","article-title":"Evaluating the relationship between education level and cognitive impairment with the Montreal cognitive assessment test","volume":"15","author":"Yancar Demir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1297076\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T15:30:46Z","timestamp":1705937446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1297076\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1297076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1297076","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-2295"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"article-number":"1297076"}}