{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T23:03:59Z","timestamp":1779318239769,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A large number of literatures show that rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) can effectively improve Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients\u2019 gait speed, frequency and speed. Its application and curative effect on upper limb motor function is relatively few.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>By studying the immediate effect of RAS with different rhythms on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) blood oxygen response during upper limb movement in PD patients, this study discusses the potential neurophysiological mechanism of RAS on upper limb movement in PD patients, which is expected to provide guidance for patients with upper limb dysfunction such as Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 31 PD patients with upper limb static tremors were recruited to complete the nail board task on the healthy upper limb under the baseline rhythm, slow rhythm and fast rhythm provided by the therapist. At the same time, fNIRS was used to observe the blood oxygen response of PFC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no significant main effect onsidein all brain regions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05), and there was no interaction between rhythm and side (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05); Except lPFC, the main effect of rhythm in other brain regions was significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and \u0394HbO increased with the change of rhythm. Paired analysis showed that there were significant differences in \u0394HbO between slow rhythm and baseline rhythm, between fast rhythm and baseline rhythm, and between slow rhythm and fast rhythm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05); The \u0394HbO of rPFC, lDLPFC and rDLPFC were significantly different between slow rhythm and fast rhythm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05); there were significant differences in the \u0394HbO of BA8 between slow rhythm and baseline rhythm, and between slow rhythm and fast rhythm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>RAS may be a useful upper limb rehabilitation strategy for PD patients with upper limb dysfunction. At the same time, RAS with different rhythms also have different responses to PFC blood oxygen during upper limb movement in PD patients, so that we can design interventions for this kind of cortical mechanism. Identifying the neurophysiological mechanism of RAS on upper limb movement in PD patients may help clinicians customize rehabilitation methods for patients according to clues, so as to highly personalize upper limb training and optimize its effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1336268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T05:00:33Z","timestamp":1709010033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of different rhythmic auditory stimuli on prefrontal cortex cortical activation during upper limb movement in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Qie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.03.001","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism","volume":"132","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.7916\/D8MD0GVR","article-title":"Essential tremor and Parkinson\u2019s disease: exploring the relationship","volume":"8","author":"Arjun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0374","article-title":"Music-based therapy in rehabilitation of people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"79","author":"Josiane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2020.1864314","article-title":"Effects of cadence-compatible melodic rhythmic auditory stimulation implementation on gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Sena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2020.1713740","article-title":"Changes in parkinsonian gait kinematics with self-generated and externally-generated cues: a comparison of responders and non-responders","volume":"37","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2022.06.020","article-title":"Effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation on upper-limb movements in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"101","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2022.102972","article-title":"Gait in younger and older adults during rhythmic auditory stimulation is influenced by groove, familiarity, beat perception, and synchronization demands","volume":"84","author":"Ready","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00458","article-title":"Temporal aspects of stimulus-driven attending in dynamic arrays","volume":"13","author":"Riess","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2004.10.003","article-title":"Common fronto-parietal activity in attention, memory, and consciousness: shared demands on integration?","volume":"14","author":"Reza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu131","article-title":"Impaired facilitatory mechanisms of auditory attention after damage of the lateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"25","author":"Aur\u00e9lie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.01.016","article-title":"Dopamine effects on frontal cortical blood flow and motor inhibition in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"115","author":"Paula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00536","article-title":"Pre-frontal cortical activity during walking and turning is reliable and differentiates across young, older adults and people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Samuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2007.09.009","article-title":"Distinct cortico-cerebellar activations in rhythmic auditory motor synchronization","volume":"45","author":"Thaut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13948","article-title":"The present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience","volume":"1464","author":"Paola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5865","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155865","article-title":"Concurrent fNIRS and EEG for brain function investigation: a systematic, methodology-focused review","volume":"22","author":"Rihui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa092","article-title":"Brain and motor synchrony in children and adolescents with ASD-a fNIRS hyperscanning study","volume":"16","author":"Kruppa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00120","article-title":"fNIRS evidence for recognizably different positive emotions","volume":"13","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00331","article-title":"Signal processing in fNIRS: a case for the removal of systemic activity for single trial data","volume":"13","author":"Franziska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319875952","article-title":"Median nerve electrical stimulation-induced changes in effective connectivity in patients with stroke as assessed with functional near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"33","author":"Congcong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00649","article-title":"Rhythmic auditory stimulation as an adjuvant therapy improved post-stroke motor functions of the upper extremity: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Rujin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01193-0","article-title":"Effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation on upper-limb movement speed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"271","author":"Shu-Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2021.102846","article-title":"Rhythmic and non-rhythmic auditory precues: multiple mechanisms mediating movement performance","volume":"79","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2011.09158","article-title":"Computer-based rhythm and timing training in severe, stroke-induced arm hemiparesis","volume":"65","author":"Beckelhimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940419","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.940419","article-title":"Rhythmic auditory stimulation promotes gait recovery in Parkinson\u2019s patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Xiaofan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0519-07.2007","article-title":"Triangulating a cognitive control network using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI","volume":"27","author":"Aron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.02.010","article-title":"The neural correlates of gait improvement by rhythmic sound stimulation in adults with Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"84","author":"Daisuke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318805159","article-title":"Reduced gait variability and enhanced brain activity in older adults with auditory cues: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"32","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3891","article-title":"Comparison of cortical activation in an upper limb added-purpose task versus a single-purpose task: a near-infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.781","article-title":"Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention","volume":"95","author":"Hillyard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00897","article-title":"Movement speed-accuracy trade-off in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Laure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1336268\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T05:00:37Z","timestamp":1709010037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1336268\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1336268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1336268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"article-number":"1336268"}}