{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T19:09:01Z","timestamp":1757704141883,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Developmental Dyslexia (DD) is a brain-based developmental disorder causing severe reading difficulties. The extensive data on the neurobiology of DD have increased interest in brain-directed approaches, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which have been proposed for DD. While positive outcomes have been observed, results remain heterogeneous. Various methodological approaches have been employed to address this issue. However, no studies have compared the effects of different transcranial electrical stimulation techniques (e.g., tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation, tRNS), on reading in children and adolescents with DD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present within-subject, double-blind, and sham-controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of tDCS and hf-tRNS on reading in children and adolescents with DD. Participants will undergo three conditions with a one-week interval session: (A) single active tDCS session; (B) single active hf-tRNS session; and (C) single sham session (tDCS\/hf-tRNS). Left anodal\/right cathodal tDCS and bilateral tRNS will be applied over the temporo-parietal regions for 20\u2009min each. Reading measures will be collected before and during each session. Safety and blinding parameters will be recordered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesize that tRNS will demonstrate comparable effectiveness to tDCS in improving reading compared to sham conditions. Additionally, we anticipate that hf-tRNS will exhibit a similar safety profile to tDCS. This study will contribute novel insights into the effectiveness of hf-tRNS, expediting the validation of brain-based treatments for DD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1338430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T13:46:30Z","timestamp":1710251190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of online tDCS and hf-tRNS on reading performance in children and adolescents with developmental dyslexia: a study protocol for a cross sectional, within-subject, randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Battisti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Lazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Varuzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deny","family":"Menghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"first-page":"947","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00101","article-title":"Recognizing psychiatric comorbidity with reading disorders","volume":"9","author":"Hendren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16752-9","article-title":"Learning based PTSD symptoms in persons with specific learning disabilities","volume":"12","author":"Grossman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12150","article-title":"Consequences of childhood reading difficulties and behaviour problems for educational achievement and employment in early adulthood","volume":"87","author":"Smart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22749","article-title":"Reading in the brain of children and adults: a meta-analysis of 40 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies: reading in the brain of children and adults","volume":"36","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.05.001","article-title":"Exploring the neurobiology of reading through non-invasive brain stimulation: a review","volume":"141","author":"Turker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00155","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of developmental dyslexia across languages and writing systems","volume":"11","author":"Richlan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089900","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment approaches for children and adolescents with reading disabilities: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Galuschka","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.02.015","article-title":"Efficacy of dynamic visuo-attentional interventions for reading in dyslexic and neurotypical children: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008","volume":"1","author":"Nitsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","article-title":"Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01134-4","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation induces long-term potentiation-like plasticity in the human visual cortex","volume":"11","author":"Frase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac028","article-title":"NMDA receptor\u2013related mechanisms of dopaminergic modulation of tDCS-induced neuroplasticity","volume":"32","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000536","article-title":"Reading changes in children and adolescents with dyslexia after transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Costanzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-150561","article-title":"Evidence for reading improvement following tDCS treatment in children and adolescents with dyslexia","volume":"34","author":"Costanzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.016","article-title":"Long-lasting improvement following tDCS treatment combined with a training for reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia","volume":"130","author":"Costanzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020263","article-title":"Beyond reading modulation: temporo-parietal tDCS alters visuo-spatial attention and motion perception in dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2021.01.015","article-title":"Effects of a short, intensive, multi-session tDCS treatment in developmental dyslexia: preliminary results of a sham-controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"264","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2020.1842413","article-title":"Individual differences modulate the effects of tDCS on Reading in children and adolescents with dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Stud Read"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986242","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.986242","article-title":"Effects of a short and intensive transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in children and adolescents with developmental dyslexia: a crossover clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Battisti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25700","article-title":"The use of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques to improve reading difficulties in dyslexia: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Turker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04649-x","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation and cognitive training to improve learning and cognition of the atypically developing brain: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Looi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.007","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation improves phoneme processing in developmental dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Rufener","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.01.005","article-title":"Scaffolding the attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder brain using transcranial direct current and random noise stimulation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Berger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791478","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.791478","article-title":"Examining the effect of transcranial electrical stimulation and cognitive training on processing speed in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Dakwar-Kawar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2011.557292","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES \u2013 tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods","volume":"21","author":"Paulus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114073","article-title":"The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on motor function: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"261","author":"Brancucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3616807","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3616807","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current and random noise stimulation: possible mechanisms","volume":"2016","author":"Antal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14147","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4248-08.2008","article-title":"Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation","volume":"28","author":"Terney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-018-0181-4","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) mechanisms and its effects on cortical excitability and connectivity","volume":"41","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.01.035","article-title":"Effects of short-term random noise electrical stimulation on dissociated pyramidal neurons from the cerebral cortex","volume":"404","author":"Remedios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5538","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac440","article-title":"The effects of bilateral posterior parietal cortex tRNS on reading performance","volume":"33","author":"Bertoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.001","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation is more effective than transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancing working memory in healthy individuals: Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence","volume":"13","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.997445","article-title":"Comparing transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus: effects on divergent and convergent thinking","volume":"16","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00351","article-title":"Modulation of illusory auditory perception by transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Prete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.020","article-title":"Cutaneous perception thresholds of electrical stimulation methods: comparison of tDCS and tRNS","volume":"121","author":"Ambrus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15416","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2002-11.2011","article-title":"Random noise stimulation improves neuroplasticity in perceptual learning","volume":"31","author":"Fertonani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.012","article-title":"Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Krishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020212","article-title":"Systematic review on the safety and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Buchanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.05.015","article-title":"Blinding efficacy and adverse events following repeated transcranial alternating current, direct current, and random noise stimulation","volume":"154","author":"Sheffield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.05.008","article-title":"Limited output transcranial electrical stimulation 2023 (LOTES-2023): updates on engineering principles, regulatory statutes, and industry standards for wellness, over-the-counter, or prescription devices with low risk","volume":"16","author":"Bikson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","article-title":"SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials","volume":"158","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"volume-title":"DDE\u20132 Batteria per la Valutazione della Dislessia e della Disortografia Evolutiva\u20132","year":"2007","author":"Sartori","key":"ref45"},{"volume-title":"Prove MT 3 Clinica - Kit scuola primaria e secondaria di I grado","year":"2016","author":"Cornoldi","key":"ref46"},{"volume-title":"MT Avanzate-3-Clinica: La valutazione delle abilit\u00e0 di Lettura, Comprensione, Scrittura e Matematica per il biennio della Scuola Secondaria di II Grado","year":"2017","author":"Cornoldi","key":"ref47"},{"volume-title":"MT 16\u201319","year":"2015","author":"Cornoldi","key":"ref48"},{"volume-title":"Coloured progressive matrices (CPM)","year":"2008","author":"Raven","key":"ref49"},{"volume-title":"Standard progressive matrices (SPM)","year":"2009","author":"Raven","key":"ref50"},{"volume-title":"WISC-IV: Contributo alla taratura italiana","year":"2012","author":"Orsini","key":"ref51"},{"volume-title":"Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile","year":"1991","author":"Achenbach","key":"ref52"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022602400621","article-title":"The revised conners\u2019 parent rating scale (CPRS-R): factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity","volume":"26","author":"Conners","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"volume-title":"K-SADS-PL DSM-5","year":"2016","author":"Kaufman","key":"ref54"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10969","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010969","article-title":"Boosting numerical cognition in children and adolescents with mathematical learning disabilities by a brain-based intervention: a study protocol for a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-9452(74)80009-2","article-title":"Rapid \u201cautomatized\u201d naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers by normal children","volume":"2","author":"Denckla","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70840-2","article-title":"Visual-spatial attention in developmental dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Facoetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4022-x","article-title":"Use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance cognitive training: effect of timing of stimulation","volume":"232","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.045","article-title":"Long-term enhancement of brain function and cognition using cognitive training and brain stimulation","volume":"23","author":"Snowball","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14899","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1692-13.2013","article-title":"Transfer of cognitive training across magnitude dimensions achieved with concurrent brain stimulation of the parietal lobe","volume":"33","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.028","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation mitigates increased difficulty in an arithmetic learning task","volume":"81","author":"Popescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.05.004","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation benefits arithmetic skills","volume":"133","author":"Pasqualotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00176","article-title":"Low to no effect: application of tRNS during two-digit addition","volume":"12","author":"Bieck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"CalvinoI\n          TorinoEinaudiMarcovaldo1963"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000068363.05974.64","article-title":"Instructional treatment associated with changes in brain activation in children with dyslexia","volume":"61","author":"Aylward","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4931-05.2006","article-title":"Neural basis of dyslexia: a comparison between dyslexic and nondyslexic children equated for Reading ability","volume":"26","author":"Hoeft","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1907","article-title":"Neuroscience and education: from research to practice?","volume":"7","author":"Goswami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.001","article-title":"Electrical brain stimulation (tES) improves learning more than performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Simonsmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.10.066","article-title":"Three repeated sessions of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) leads to long-term effects on reaction time in the go\/no go task","volume":"49","author":"Brevet-Aeby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.03.002","article-title":"Potential impact of bifrontal transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on the semantic Stroop effect and its resting-state EEG correlates","volume":"49","author":"Dond\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"859","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric brain: a computational modeling study","author":"Minhas","year":""},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076112","article-title":"Dosage considerations for transcranial direct current stimulation in children: a computational modeling study","volume":"8","author":"Kessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050522","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in tDCS effects: a narrative review on the contribution of stable, variable, and contextual factors","volume":"12","author":"Vergallito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Cross-over trials in clinical research","volume-title":"Statistics in practice","author":"Senn","year":"2002"},{"volume-title":"Design and analysis of bioavailability and bioequivalence studies","year":"2009","author":"Chow","key":"ref77"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2012.0276","article-title":"On the proper use of the crossover Design in Clinical Trials","volume":"109","author":"Wellek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b17537","article-title":"Design and analysis of cross-over trials","volume-title":"Chapman & hall\/CRC monographs on statistics and applied probability","author":"Jones","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.21165","article-title":"Considerations for crossover design in clinical study","volume":"74","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.009","article-title":"Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"117","author":"Miranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0048","article-title":"Biological and anatomical factors influencing interindividual variability to noninvasive brain stimulation of the primary motor cortex: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-021-00390-3","article-title":"Investigating the sex-dependent effects of prefrontal cortex stimulation on response execution and inhibition","volume":"12","author":"Fehring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.11.018","article-title":"Sex difference in tDCS current mediated by changes in cortical anatomy: a study across young, middle and older adults","volume":"15","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004","article-title":"Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016","volume":"9","author":"Bikson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00685","article-title":"Modulation of brain activity with noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): clinical applications and safety concerns","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.025","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in children: prospective single center evidence from 3.5 million stimulations","volume":"13","author":"Zewdie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1338430\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T13:46:42Z","timestamp":1710251202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1338430\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1338430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1338430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-2295"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"article-number":"1338430"}}