{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1791636353440,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tic disorder, a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that typically onsets during childhood, is characterized by sudden, involuntary, rapid, and non-rhythmic motor and vocal tics. Individuals with tic disorders often experience physical health issues. The purpose of our retrospective analysis was to elucidate the common comorbid physical diseases and mental disorders and their characteristics of outpatient children with tic disorders in a large public children\u2019s hospital in China over the past 5\u202fyears.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were outpatients with tic disorders who visited Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022. After the inclusion screening, a total of 523,462 patient visits were included in the analysis. Based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic system, we employed descriptive statistical analysis to examine the frequently co-occurring somatic diseases in patients with tic disorders, as well as the influence of variables such as age and seasonal variation on these comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The top five diseases of total outpatient visits were as follows: Respiratory diseases, Mental and behavioral disorders, Diseases of the eye and adnexal, Digestive disorders, Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Among the top five comorbid disease system, the most commonly third- level classification of diseases were upper respiratory tract infections, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, conjunctivitis, dyspepsia, dermatitis. Respiratory system diseases experienced a peak in April, while the other four types of diseases reached their peak in August. Additionally, each disease system showed the lowest number of patient visits in February. Additional to the mental and behavioral disorders, the other four disease systems would experience a peak in medical visits between the ages of 4 and 6.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study highlighted the most common physical diseases and mental disorders in tic disorders, namely the respiratory diseases, specifically upper respiratory tract infections, and mental and behavioral disorders, with ADHD being the most common co-occurring condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1397766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:11:07Z","timestamp":1733357467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comorbidity of physical illnesses and mental disorders in outpatients with tic disorders: a retrospective study using the outpatient case system"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanxue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0362-x","article-title":"Tic disorders and Tourette's syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Plessen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112479","article-title":"A comprehensive review of tic disorders in children","volume":"10","author":"Ueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2022-005566","article-title":"Tic Disorders","volume":"44","author":"Vermilion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c","article-title":"Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature","volume":"20","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13445","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders in school children and adolescents in China: diagnostic data from detailed clinical assessments of 17,524 individuals","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31819e7203","article-title":"Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"65","author":"Fombonne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"23","article-title":"The prognosis of Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice","volume":"27","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2014.11.005","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: update","volume":"37","author":"Hallett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000752","article-title":"Tics and Tourette syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Singer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020853","article-title":"Immunological dysfunction in Tourette syndrome and related disorders","volume":"22","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS)","volume-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes: basic biology to clinical manifestations","author":"Orefici","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819848635","article-title":"Inflammation in tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder: are PANS and PANDAS a path forward?","volume":"34","author":"Gilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05065-w","article-title":"Tics in patients with encephalitis","volume":"42","author":"Badenoch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03683-4","article-title":"Dopamine-2 receptor antibody encephalitis presenting as pure tongue-biting in a tourette syndrome patient: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"377","article-title":"Anti-basal ganglia antibody","volume":"65","author":"Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.025","article-title":"The link between autoimmune diseases and obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders: a systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Perez-Vigil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15875","article-title":"Clinical guidance for diagnosis and management of suspected pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome in the Nordic countries","volume":"110","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00707-6","article-title":"Prevalence of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) in children and adolescents with eating disorders","volume":"10","author":"Aman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0145","article-title":"Clinical management of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: part I-psychiatric and behavioral interventions","volume":"27","author":"Thienemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102549","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS): myth or reality? The state of the art on a controversial disease","volume":"11","author":"La Bella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2185-9","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: an overview","volume":"33","author":"Esposito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"957","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections","volume":"58","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4279","article-title":"Association of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders","volume":"76","author":"Brander","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2938-5","article-title":"Blepharospasm in children and adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Kinard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.4.477","article-title":"The relationship between eye-winking tics, frequent eye-blinking and blepharospasm","volume":"52","author":"Elston","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6374","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-390","article-title":"Morphological changes in the meibomian gland in children with tic disorders","volume":"13","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11583-8","article-title":"Oromandibular tics associated with Tourette syndrome","volume":"270","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.27.2.u0735u0hh4l3287t","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome with rapid deterioration by self-mutilation of the upper lip","volume":"27","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112144-20230905-00139","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of a case of severe oral mucosal traumatic ulcer in a child with Tourette syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199702000-00004","article-title":"Viral infection and tic exacerbation","volume":"36","author":"Budman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2022.06.002","article-title":"Potential relationship between Tourette syndrome and gut microbiome","volume":"99","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.12.004","article-title":"The relationship between allergic diseases and tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-001788","article-title":"Allergic diseases influence symptom severity and T lymphocyte subgroups of children with tic disorders","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199467","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1199467","article-title":"Editorial: allergic diseases and neurodevelopment","volume":"11","author":"Straughen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"303","article-title":"Association of Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder with allergic diseases in children and adolescents: a preliminary study","volume":"18","author":"Yuce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060520973921","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520973921","article-title":"Study protocol to investigate the correlation between Tourette syndrome and allergy in children and adolescents","volume":"48","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"492","article-title":"Association of allergy with Tourette's syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04233-5","article-title":"Comparative analysis of serum total IgE levels and specific IgE levels in children aged 6 to 9 years with tic disorder and normal children","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863919","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.863919","article-title":"The rise of functional tic-like behaviors: what do the COVID-19 pandemic and social media have to do with it? A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Martindale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15217","article-title":"Relationship between COVID-19 and movement disorders: a narrative review","volume":"29","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2005.15.285","article-title":"Association of common cold with exacerbations in pediatric but not adult patients with tic disorder: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060697","article-title":"Identifying factors associated with the recurrence of tic disorders","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12091202","article-title":"The aetiology of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder in children and adolescents: a comprehensive systematic review of case-control studies","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.08.020","article-title":"Streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections and psychosocial stress predict future tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/104454602760219199","article-title":"Is parental report of upper respiratory infection at the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder suggestive of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection?","volume":"12","author":"Giulino","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120499","article-title":"Neuronal antibody biomarkers for Sydenham's chorea identify a new group of children with chronic recurrent episodic acute exacerbations of tic and obsessive compulsive symptoms following a streptococcal infection","volume":"10","author":"Singer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583744","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.583744","article-title":"Adverse mental health impact of the COVID-19 lockdown in individuals with Tourette syndrome in Italy: an online survey","volume":"11","author":"Conte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-05997-x","article-title":"Self-reported impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on young patients with tic disorders: findings from a case-control study","volume":"43","author":"Termine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321748","article-title":"COVID-19 related increase in childhood tics and tic-like attacks","volume":"106","author":"Heyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04035-9","article-title":"Symptoms compatible with long COVID in an Italian pediatric cohort of Tourette patients with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection: a short-term follow-up assessment","volume":"23","author":"Prato","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15932","article-title":"Rapid onset functional tic-like behaviours in children and adolescents during COVID-19: clinical features, assessment and biopsychosocial treatment approach","volume":"58","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003825","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1003825","article-title":"Functional tic-like behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic: follow-up over 12 months","volume":"10","author":"Prato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15611","article-title":"The spectrum of functional tic-like behaviours: data from an international registry","volume":"30","author":"Martino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2606","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2606","article-title":"Prognosis of rapid onset functional tic-like behaviors: prospective follow-up over 6 months","volume":"12","author":"Howlett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.011","article-title":"Streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"50","author":"Leckman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318208f561","article-title":"Correlation of Tourette syndrome and allergic disease: nationwide population-based case-control study","volume":"32","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01174-w","article-title":"Association between allergic conjunctivitis and provisional tic disorder in children","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12018","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder, and allergy: is there a link? A nationwide population-based study","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"787","article-title":"Aerophagy and flatulence","volume":"205","author":"Hunt","year":"1970","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.04.001","article-title":"Air swallowing as a tic","volume":"65","author":"Weil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1249","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2914","article-title":"Air swallowing caused recurrent ileus in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Frye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.7499\/j.issn.1008-8830.2003006","article-title":"A single-center retrospective analysis of 46 children with aerophagia","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2277-x","article-title":"Abating mercury exposure in young children should include thimerosal-free vaccines","volume":"42","author":"Dorea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000356","article-title":"Tics and Tourette's: update on pathophysiology and tic control","volume":"29","author":"Ganos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00004-4","article-title":"Nondopaminergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Udvardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-011-0223-1","article-title":"Update on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and tic disorders: a review of the current literature","volume":"13","author":"Simpson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050650","article-title":"The prevalence and comorbidity of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder in Chinese school students aged 6-16: a national survey","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13155","article-title":"Effects of comorbidity on Tourette's tic severity and quality of life","volume":"140","author":"Huisman-van Dijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2009.21.1.13","article-title":"The behavioral spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Cavanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01912-5","article-title":"Emotion regulation and tic disorders in children","volume":"32","author":"Ruhrman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2023.04.013","article-title":"Moderating role of depression on the association of tic severity with functional impairment in children","volume":"144","author":"Sadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/94471","article-title":"Depression in Tourette syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Malek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00278","article-title":"Modulation of autonomic activity in neurological conditions: epilepsy and Tourette syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Nagai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.2.154","article-title":"The facilitation and evocation of seizures","volume":"160","author":"Antebi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.27-5-e42","article-title":"Seizure-like states","volume":"27","author":"McVicar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.04.027","article-title":"The role of immune mechanisms in Tourette syndrome","volume":"1617","author":"Martino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145701002371","article-title":"Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS)","volume":"4","author":"Leonard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0882-7","article-title":"Postural control anomalies in children with Tourette syndrome","volume":"179","author":"Lemay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.04.025","article-title":"Spatio-temporal gait characteristics in children with Tourette syndrome: a preliminary study","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110512","article-title":"Severe motor tics causing cervical myelopathy in Tourette's syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Krauss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.331","article-title":"Tics and problem behaviors in schoolchildren: prevalence, characterization, and associations","volume":"110","author":"Snider","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413515346","article-title":"Monthly variation of United States pediatric headache emergency department visits","volume":"34","author":"Kedia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tre-02-61-349-1","DOI":"10.7916\/D8445K68","article-title":"Review of prevalence studies of tic disorders: methodological caveats","volume":"2","author":"Cubo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002","article-title":"Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Knight","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01321-z","article-title":"COVID-19 and social distancing","volume":"30","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z Gesundh Wiss"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1397766\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:11:16Z","timestamp":1733357476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1397766\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1397766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1397766","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"article-number":"1397766"}}