{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:22:25Z","timestamp":1788301345674,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aetiology of transient global amnesia (TGA) is still a matter of debate. Besides ischemia of the mesial temporal lobe including the hippocampus, migraine-like mechanisms, epileptic seizures affecting mnestic structures, or venous congestion in the (para) hippocampal area due to jugular vein insufficiency have been discussed. We assessed the diameters of the intracranial arteries of TGA patients compared to controls to identify differences that support the hypothesis of reduced hippocampal perfusion as a pivotal factor in the pathophysiology of TGA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed magnetic resonance imaging time of flight angiographies (TOF-MRA) that were acquired during in-patient treatment of 206 patients with acute TGA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diameters of the vertebral artery (VA) in the V4 segment, the proximal basilar artery, and the internal carotid arteries were measured manually. We compared the findings with TOF-MRA images of an age and sex matched control group of neurological patients without known cerebrovascular pathology. In TGA patients the diameter of the right VA was significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) smaller compared to controls (2.09 mm vs. 2.35 mm). There were no significant differences in the diameters of the other vessels. Only the fetal variant of the posterior cerebral artery was slightly more common in TGA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The smaller diameter (hypoplasia) of the right VA supports the hypothesis of a contribution of hemodynamic factors to the pathophysiology of TGA. The fact that hypoplasia represents a congenital condition might be the explanation why previous studies failed to find an increased rate of the classical (acquired) vascular risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1398352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T05:18:08Z","timestamp":1715231888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vertebral artery hypoplasia and hemodynamic impairment in transient global amnesia: a case control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ralph","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ekstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Kureck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes C.","family":"W\u00f6hrle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.042432","article-title":"DWI in transient global amnesia and TIA: proposal for an ischaemic origin of TGA","volume":"76","author":"Winbeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.3.639","article-title":"The aetiology of transient global amnesia. A case-control study of 114 cases with prospective follow-up","volume":"113","author":"Hodges","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10363-y","article-title":"Migraine in transient global amnesia: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"269","author":"Liampas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12346","article-title":"Migraine is associated with a higher risk of transient global amnesia: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.07.015","article-title":"Transient epileptic and global amnesia: Real-life differential diagnosis","volume":"88","author":"Lanzone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70344-8","article-title":"Transient global amnesia: functional anatomy and clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"Bartsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.9.1334","article-title":"Transient global amnesia: increasing evidence of a venous etiology","volume":"63","author":"Men\u00e9ndez Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70121-6","article-title":"New insights into transient global amnesia: recent imaging and clinical findings","volume":"4","author":"Sander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1159\/000292502","article-title":"Cerebrovascular risk factors and triggers in transient global amnesia patients with and without jugular valve incompetence: results of a sample of 243 patients","volume":"63","author":"Agosti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl105","article-title":"What does transient global amnesia really mean? Review of the literature and thorough study of 142 cases","volume":"129","author":"Quinette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.08.033","article-title":"Enhanced cortisol secretion in acute transient global amnesia","volume":"99","author":"Griebe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000130504.88404.c9","article-title":"Detection of delayed focal MR changes in the lateral hippocampus in transient global amnesia","volume":"62","author":"Sedlaczek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12973","article-title":"Hippocampal subfield involvement in patients with transient global amnesia","volume":"32","author":"Wittayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10639-x","article-title":"Chronobiology of transient global amnesia","volume":"269","author":"Hoyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref16","author":"Sander","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000512602","article-title":"Prevalence of mimics and severe comorbidity in patients with clinically suspected transient global amnesia","volume":"50","author":"Werner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250258.76706.98","article-title":"Vertebral artery hypoplasia: a predisposing factor for posterior circulation stroke?","volume":"68","author":"Perren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.050","article-title":"Chatzikonstantinou a vertebral artery hypoplasia does not influence lesion size and clinical severity in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Sauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2010.01.012","article-title":"Vertebral artery hypoplasia: prevalence and reliability of identifying and grading its severity on magnetic resonance imaging scans","volume":"33","author":"Peterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12434","article-title":"Vertebral artery diameter and flow: nature or nurture","volume":"27","author":"Tarnoki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.17.5.921","article-title":"Duplex scanning of normal vertebral arteries","volume":"17","author":"Touboul","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9004-7","article-title":"Vertebral artery hypoplasia: an innocent lamb or a disguise?","volume":"265","author":"Kulyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1904-161","article-title":"Is the asymmetry between the vertebral arteries related to cerebral dominance?","volume":"49","author":"Vural","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"63","article-title":"Autoregulation of blood flow: vessel diameter changes in response to different temperatures","volume":"3","author":"Norouzpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomed Phys Eng"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.08.012","article-title":"Vertebral artery hypoplasia is associated with a decrease in net vertebral flow volume","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2016.15487","article-title":"Transient global amnesia: a study with Tc-99m ECD SPECT shortly after symptom onset and after recovery","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz383","article-title":"Hippocampal vascular reserve associated with cognitive performance and hippocampal volume","volume":"143","author":"Perosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213226","article-title":"Association between the posterior part of the circle of Willis and the vertebral artery hypoplasia","volume":"14","author":"Gaigalaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025720","article-title":"Long-term risk of stroke after transient global amnesia in two prospective cohorts","volume":"50","author":"Romoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001006","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2021-001006","article-title":"Risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with transient global amnesia: a propensity-matched cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.203323","article-title":"Contribution of intracranial vertebral artery asymmetry to vestibular neuropathy","volume":"82","author":"Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl248","article-title":"Selective affection of hippocampal CA-1 neurons in patients with transient global amnesia without long-term sequelae","volume":"129","author":"Bartsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02542.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of declarative memory retrieval is associated with reduced blood flow in the medial temporal lobe","volume":"17","author":"QuervainDJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06259-6","article-title":"Acute neurological disease as a trigger or co-occurrence of transient global amnesia: a case series and systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Piffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09495-7","article-title":"RCVS and TGA: a common pathophysiology?","volume":"266","author":"Kamm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1398352\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T05:18:12Z","timestamp":1715231892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1398352\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2024.1398352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1398352","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"article-number":"1398352"}}